Izifundo kwemichiza ndlela: inkcazelo, iimpawu kunye neziphumo. indlela ezinto Genetics

indlela eziphilayo - indlela ephambili ngamachiza kwezi ndlela engundoqo izifo ezahlukeneyo ezibangela disorder metabolic. Yile ndlela lokuvandlakanya eza kuxutyushwa kweli nqaku.

izakhiwo zokuxilonga

Iinjongo Uhlalutyo zengqo- lokuxilonga zezi:

• igazi;
• umchamo;
• izithukuthuku kwezinye iincindi zomzimba;
• ingubo;
• iiseli.

indlela uphando ezinto ikuvumela ukugqiba umsebenzi enzyme, umxholo ngeemveliso yokucolwa kwiincindi zomzimba ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye ukubhaqa ukuhlukunyezwa nethe, leyo ngenxa yeemeko njengelifa.

indaba

Vula ezinto indlela A. IsiNgesi ugqirha Garrod ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Wafunda homogentisuria, kwaye ngexesha lesifundo, kuba kufunyaniswe ukuba pathways naso okanye isifo pathways na kumiselwa ngokusekelwe ukunqongophala enqanda ezithile.

izifo ezahlukeneyo ilifa zibangelwa zofuzo ezilawula imfuza ukuba ukutshintsha isakhiwo izinga protein kudibaniso emzimbeni. Oku kuphazanyiswa carbohydrate, iiproteins kunye lipid ukutya.

main

Ukuze ukufunda ukwakhiwa eekhemikhali uxilongo lwezonyango ngayo izinto eziphilayo amalaphu, njengoko kwenzeka ngezifo wokutshintsha ingqalelo, ukungabikho yeekhomponenti okanye vice versa imbonakalo yazo naziphi na candelo. Uhlalutyo ezinto kumiselwa ubungakanani kwezinto ezithile, ukulungelelana hormone enzymes.

molekyuli uphando, iiprotheni, ii-asidi acid kunye nezinye izinto ezo ziyinxalenye esiphilayo.

iziphumo

Iziphumo indlela zophando zengqo- lungohlulwa lube qualitative (azifunyanwa okanye ayifumanekanga) belinani (njani umxholo into kwi biomaterial).

Iindlela qualitative zisetyenziswa iimpawu uphawu iziyobisi ezisetyenziswayo, ezithi zivele xa iimpembelelo ezithile chemical (phantsi ubushushu, kongezwe wezenzi).

indlela ngqo ubungakanani uphando isekelwe phezu mgaqo, kodwa kuqala bajonge ekufumanekeni into, uze umlinganiselo ingqalelo yayo.

Hormone, ngabalamli equlethwe emzimbeni kunyuswa kancinci kakhulu, ngoko isiqulatho kwabo kulinganiswa ngokusebenzisa izinto test eziphilayo (umz, umzimba uphela okanye isilwanyana ngamnye iyahlolwa). Oku kwandisa ubuntununtunu kunye Okukodwa izifundo.

kwemvelo zembali

iindlela kwemichiza ngcono ukufumana iziphumo ezichanekileyo kwaye ulwazi malunga nemo kweenkqubo pathways emzimbeni, iinkqubo yokucolwa kwizigqeba ezithile kunye neeseli. Kutshanje, iindlela zebhayoloji diagnostic kudityaniswe nezinye iindlela zophando ezifana nezifo, histological, cytological, kunye nabanye. Ukusebenzisa indlela nobunzima kakhulu okanye iindlela izinto ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezizodwa.

Kukho ngenye indlela kwemichiza, oko akuthethi ukuba isicelo loxilongo onyango. Ngophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa indlela kakhulu ngokukhawuleza kwaye lula ukuba angavumela imizuzu embalwa ukumisela zovavanyo ezifunwa hormone iparameters.

Kule mihla elebhu uuba lixhotyisiwe ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zakutshanje kunye neenkqubo eziphambili loomatshini kwaye esizenzekelayo nezixhobo (analyzers) evumela ukuba ukumisela isantya efanelekileyo ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo.

iindlela zokufunda ezinto: Indlela

Ukulinganiswa kwento kwiincindi eziphilayo kunye nokuzimisela kwabo yenziwe ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezininzi. Umzekelo, ukuba ukuchaza sisalathisi njengoko esterase cholesterol kusenokuba amakhulu iinketho yenze uphando nemvelo. Ukukhetha le ndlela kuxhomekeke kakhulu uhlobo isifundo iziselo eziphilayo.

Zengqo- indlela izifundo isetyenziselwa ukugqiba into enye okanye indicator zibangele kunye namandla. Esi salathisi ikhangelwe ngexesha elithile ngemini, phantsi komthwalo ethile, kwinkqubo sifo, xa bengathabathanga amayeza.

Iimpawu ze indlela

Features indlela ezinto:

• isixa ezizezona zisezantsi biomaterial;
• ngesantya zohlalutyo;
• ukusetyenziswa kunokwenzeka kuphindwa le ndlela;
• nezichanekileyo;
• indlela ezinto ingasetyenziswa ngethuba sifo;
• ukuthatha iyeza aluchaphazeli iziphumo zokufunda.

iindlela nemvelo zofuzo

Xa genetics, indlela ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ngokuqhelekileyo kwizifundo cytogenetic. It ikuvumela ukuba ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha isakhiwo chromosome kunye karyotype. Ngale ndlela sinako ukuchonga kunye nezifo zofuzo monogenic eziquka yemfuza kunye polymorphisms ngezakhi nezakhiwo zawo.

indlela ezinto Genetics ngoku ngokubanzi ukufumana iindlela ezintsha alleles njengesi kwi DNA. Esebenzisa le ndlela yayichongwe nechazwe ngaphezulu kwe 1000 le izifo metabolic. Uninzi izifo ezichazwe - izifo athe anxulunyaniswa ziintsilelo enzyme kunye nezinye neeproteni zezakhiwo.

Uxilongo ukuphazamiseka pathways ngeendlela kwemichiza luqhutywa ngezigaba ezibini.

Inqanaba lokuqala:

• ukhetha lweemeko ezikrokrelekayo.

Inqanaba lesibini:

• diagnosis shinyi sifo inkqubo zichanile yaye inzima.

iintsana ezisanda kuzalwa kwixesha siswini ngoncedo iindlela kwemichiza wenza ukubonwa kwezifo ilifa eqinisekisa ukuba ubhaqo leengxaki kwangethuba ukuze uqale unyango ngexesha.

iintlobo indlela

Zengqo- Genetics ndlela kunokuba iintlobo ezininzi. Bonke bephela bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini:

1. iindlela kwemichiza, ezo zisekelwe efumanise kweemveliso ezithile nemvelo. Oku kungenxa yotshintsho izenzo alleles ezahlukeneyo.
2. Le ndlela, nto leyo isekelwe kwinto ukubhaqa ngqo asidi etshintshiweyo acid kunye neeproteni nge gel electrophoresis xa idityaniswe nezinye iindlela ezifana hybridization Southern isisihla, autoradiography.

indlela ezinto kunceda ukuchonga iziphathi heterozygous zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo. iinkqubo Mutational emzimbeni womntu kukhokelela inkangeleko alleles kunye rearrangements chromosomal, leyo embi impilo yabantu.

iindlela kwemichiza diagnostic uyakwazi ukubona polymorphisms ezahlukeneyo kunye zofuzo. Ukuphuculwa iindlela kwemichiza kunye isifo zengqo- ixesha lethu kunceda ukuchonga kwaye uqinisekise inani ukuphazamiseka ezahlukeneyo weenkqubo pathways komzimba.

Eli nqaku ngokutsha yi uhlalutyo ezinto eziphilayo.