Yintoni kwicala elingasemva inyanga? Yintoni emathafeni ibekwe kwicala elingasemva inyanga? Yintoni kwicala elwandle inyanga?

Ngowe eziliwaka elinamakhulu asithoba kunye nonyaka anethoba mahlanu Union of Soviet Socialist okokuqala ehlabathini ukubonisa abantu ukuba kwicala emva kwenyanga. Le mifanekiso kuxhakamfulwa kwisikhululo omncane ezenzekelayo "Luna-3» (Lunik-3). Xa indawo airless iziphekepheke ngokusesikweni Oktobha 4 ngoncedo rocket umthuthi "Vostok-L."

Isilumkiso! Selanga!

imifanekiso Eyahlukileyo AMC "wathumela" ngentsimbi yesithathu ekuseni Oktobha 7, 1959. Ukufumana uphawu eveliswa Simeiz Observatory (ngoku phakathi iCrimea Astrophysical Observatory). Iintlobo "kwicala engabonakaliyo nenyanga", wathunyelwa emhlabeni, azigubungela umgama km 483 000.

Ujonge imifanekiso luzizi, abaninzi babezibuza "kule ndawo": kuba phezu ecaleni inyanga? Ewe, umgangatho umfanekiso ulihlwempu, kodwa bona baye misela! inkokeli USSR Uphando wafumana ilungelo kubiza evulekileyo phezu komhlaba kwezibonelelo satellite elikufutshane.

Ihlabathi liphela ukuba lazi ukuba ulwandle ukwakweli kwicala elingasemva nenyanga - Moscow. Inxalenye yawo, sisiya nzulu ezweni, ngokuba Gulf of oosomajukujuku. Le ndawo imalunga 60 neekhilomitha (96.5 km) ukusuka kwakhe igama nguNjingalwazi uKonstantin Tsiolkovsky, novulindlela cosmonautics, owafa ngowe-1935. Ridge kufutshane ikhweyitha liyaphapha kwakungathi eSoviet. indawo Dark kufutshane nomda iinxalenye ezibonakalayo nezingabonakaliyo of the Moon wawuluLwandle Dreams. Iifom ezinkulu ezisibhozo sele zichongiwe.

Le Ukufana isihlobo

USihlalo Astronomical Council of the Academy of Sciences, uNjingalwazi Alexander Mikhailov (1888-1983), ethetha kunomathotholo Moscow, wathi Ukufana relative icala kude yenyanga. Wacebisa ukuba ngeenkwenkwezi kunye zokuma ukucacisa isenzeko, leyo, akukho mathandabuzo, ngenxa umbuzo ngemvelaphi mphandle kwenyanga.

Iyonke 6 ukuya kwi-7 Oktobha Camera oluzenzekelayo isikhululo omncane "Luna-3" wenza imifanekiso 29. Zonke izixhobo, kubandakanywa ividiyo, wasebenza njengoko amaza ezilawulwa evela eMhlabeni, kunye nonikezelo izixhobo ekwinqwelo. sokudubula ixesha ekhethiweyo ngokungqinelana ne indawo yelanga. Ready ukuba ihlumelo photo AMC iphakathi yesikhanyiso kunye neNyanga. Emva koko Ndakwazi ukususa 70 per cent ukusuka kummandla yabantu efihliweyo.

Phambi nowenziwa lokwazisa ezimbini nangaphezulu: i satellite "Luna-1" Yaphaphazela elidlulileyo shwaka kungena indawo evulekileyo. "Luna 2" wawa phezu "Ukumkanikazi Night." Ngezi izitishi na isakhiwo inzima kakhulu asebenza imisebenzi efana izixhobo leemveliso orbit omncane, iindlela zokugcina unomathotholo, njalo njalo. D. Yonke kwenziwa ukuze uzisebenzise ukuyixelela abantu ngokuzithemba ukuba kwicala emva Moon.

Secrets luveze

"Luna-3" yayilawulwa kuyilo olutsha: izixhobo izixhobo ngezoBomi ngoku, mhlawumbi, uya kubizwa ngokuba 'inkqubo Glonass "; AMC wasebenza solar panel. umhla kwaziswa lixesha kokuba ufike ukubhabha le yokuqala eyenziwe ngumntu Umhlaba satellite kwakhululwa nezijikeleza Oktobha 4, 1957. Bekukho revolution ngokwenene ukuhlola isithuba wenza ilizwe enkulu USSR.

"Fundisa" ukulungiswa ezingamasetyana na kwicala emva yenyanga, abaphandi photo wayefuna ukufumana iziqwenga ngaphezulu kwama-29. Hi ndlela leyi, iindlela ezahlukeneyo nokufotwa umfanekiso, nangona kwizinga eziphakamileyo kakhulu, zingafunyanwa kuphela kwikhamera kunye spotlighting. Ukuthumela kuthotho lokuqala "portraits" nanto, isikhululo ngesiquphe yaphela ukuze udlulise ulwazi.

Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ngexesha ukudluliselwa kolwazi, neebhetri ezifileyo (okanye mhlawumbi kukho ukungqubana kunye zimpahla?). Mhlawumbi, iyunithi iye yotshiswa loo umoya entwasahlobo ka-1960 (kodwa ze sisinde de-1962). Nangona kunjalo, le mfihlelo iye isonjululwe.

nengoma ukujikeleza

Kutheni umhlaba zazibonakala Earth usoloko kwicala elinye kuphela? Ngenxa yoko, akunakwenzeka ukuba wazi ukuba yintoni na kwicala elingasemva inyanga! Isizathu siyifumana yokuba Selena yenza ujikeleza uMhlaba kwixesha ngexesha apho Earth oluvula luvaleke axis yayo. Yezihlunu nokujikeleziswa Orbital ziintsuku 27.3. Ungqamaniso Traffic kwenzeka malunga eziibhiliyoni ezi-4 zeminyaka eyadlulayo.

Ke ibinzana elithi 'icala ezimnyama nenyanga ", oko emise (ezingabonakaliyo, sobumnyama njalo). Enyanisweni, ilanga likhanyisa "ummelwane zothando" wethu macala onke ngokulinganayo. Kwaba becinga ukuba synchronism njengokujikeleza yoMhlaba kunye neNyanga - into eyahlukileyo.

Uphando lwakutshanje ziye zabonisa ukuba phantse zonke Hewana ezinkulu iiplanethi sesidlulile ngale ndlela. Bona abhekiswe "inkosikazi" kwakhe kwicala elinye. Oku kubonisa indlela uphawu yohlobo uphuhliso oqhelekileyo komthetho amandla kwindalo iphela. ukuhlukunyezwa kwabo kunokubangela imiphumo engalindelekanga.

Moray omncinane

Icala kweNyanga, akukho nto? Ulwandle! Abaninzi bavakalelwa ngaloo ndlela. Ngapha koko, abantu inxalenye ebonakalayo i "irhengqa" abo musa ukubala! Ngokuqinisekileyo musani nijonge umhlaba - oku kuyinto enkulu kwentaba-mlilo. Kwicala flip ukuba zincinane kakhulu, nangona kubonakala, isithuba kufuneka sandiswe phezu bonke ubuso emhlabeni, bubonakala ngathi Belting ngayo (Franz theory).

Ngaphezu koko, wavula ngo-1959 e-Sea eMoscow (abahlala kummandla Ingingqi Moscow) kunye amaphupha nokuthozama kakhulu ngobukhulu. Abaphandi nqa: Ingaba kubume amaqela ezahlukeneyo kangaka? Kutheni?

Ukuze ufumane iimpendulo, kwakufuneka ngakumbi olunzulu sifundo. Uphando lwaqhubeka ngo-1965. Station "Ihlole 3" waya phezu kwenyanga. "Iliso" layo oluzenzekelayo yena akwazise ukuba ngaphambili isithuba, 30 ekhulwini efanayo. ukuqinisekisile ngokupheleleyo asymmetry amaqela.

Mountains and imigodi ezininzi

Ngoko ke, phezu "ubuso" of Selena alawula ulwandle, nokuba kwicala elingasemva inyanga? Kukho esilawulwa iintaba yimingxuma. Dissimilarity ezinye ukuchaza imfundiso nawokuthwasa kwenyanga ezimbini, kunye nokuhlalisana ngoxolo eyaphelela ukuba kancinane wangqubeka umntu omkhulu.

Emva icala ezimbini oluhlangeneyo negative inkqubo kwenyanga bhanya ngokuqinileyo ukuba mmandla ukukhanya "iihafu" visible (bona - emantla amazwekazi ngezantsi) avale overleaf. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho ikhaka iyunifomu yezwekazi. Sea - into ngaphakathi amazwekazi, ngokuzalisa le misinga zinzulu kunye uqweqwe olubanzi senyanga.

Ukubuyela iimfihlelo illuminance yendalo - Selena, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba kukho nooks apho kusoloko mnyama. Umzekelo, a yimingxuma enzulu kangangokuba kwelanga, azingeke zifikelele ezantsi zabo. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ebumnyameni yanaphakade accumulated iidipozithi enkulu ngumkhenkce ukuba abantu kuchazwa NC (supply olungxamisekileyo).

Observatory kwenyanga

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwimigqomo zendalo kufuneka igcinwe moya kunye amafutha irula. Icala kude ze iNyanga lukhuselwe ngokwendalo ukusuka amaza erediyo komhlaba - indawo elungileyo kakhulu ukuba Observatory radiosensitive ukuhlola yimingxuma shadowed.

Kodwa impendulo umbuzo malunga yintoni kwicala nelezihlambo i yenyanga? South West! Ngoko ke, kwezinye iincwadi pool mngxuma South Pole - Aitken. Ukuxinezeleka elimangalisayo indebe-ezimise kumphezulu Selene - umngxuma Aitken, ikhangeleka ngathi uluhlu intaba. It yanowo tyaba, engqongwe umngxuma yaphakamisa abusazinge. Into yolula 2250 km kubunzulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo 8-16 leekhilomitha.

Ngokumalunga ophambili yiSoviet Union egameni iifom ngengingqi kwenyanga, ilizwe elikhulu baseleyo ukukhunjulwa izizukulwana earthlings alandelayo amagama: yimingxuma: Kurchatov, Mendeleev, Popov, Sklodowska-Curie, Gagarin, Korolev, njl Kulungile, le Moscow Sea Dreams ..