Yintoni Federal Reserve? Le US engundoqo yebhanki, okanye "ofihlakeleyo"

I-Federal Reserve (Fed) - i US central yebhanki. Yaye yasekwa ngoDisemba 1913 liqonga nokuthintela iingxaki zenkqubo yezemfundo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, imisebenzi kunye namagunya ayo inokukhuliswa kakhulu. Kodwa yintoni na Fed? Le "ofihlakeleyo" okanye nje omnye ibhanki engundoqo, nkqu ilizwe bazizinhanha emhlabeni?

nemisebenzi esisiseko

Eyona njongo iphambili ye-Federal Reserve - na ukuziphatha yomgaqo-lawulo wemali. Ngoko ngokuphelele ethembekile impendulo ilandelayo umbuzo wokuba yintoni le Fed: umzimba eUnited States, elawula isixa semali ejikeleza ngaphandle ngokubeka iimfuno bucala, mboleko izinga imisebenzi kwimalike evulelekileyo. I-Federal Reserve ilawula kwamaxabiso kunye nokugcina uzinzo lwamaxabiso. Kwakhona, i-Fed uzama ukufikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu yengqesho. Umsebenzi iphambili yale somzimba uphuhliso loqoqosho oluzinzileyo kweli lizwe. Yintoni na? Fed ibonelela lokhula 2-3% ngonyaka ngamnye. Noko ke, le kokuqeshwa Federal Reserve System akupheleli. intlanganiso Fed zingangqamana umxholo kulawulwe kwiibhanki zorhwebo ukuba ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo kwabathengi '. Kwakhona, le ngxoxo kunokuba kunxulumene kukugcinwa kozinzo kwiimarike zemali kunye nokuthintela iingxaki ezinokubakho. Ngaphezu koko, i-Fed ubonelela ngeenkonzo neebhanki urhulumente US, yase kanye amazwe.

isakhiwo

kuba Fed ibingayi ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle ngokuphonononga amacandelo omzimba - Ukuqwalaselwa yintoni na. Zonke abathathu kubo. IQumrhu Council - yeyona umzimba omkhulu. Ekwazile umgaqo wolawulo-mali. Federal Board Reserve inamalungu asixhenxe. Banoxanduva lokumisela amazinga enzala kunye neemfuno reserve yeebhanki ilungu. Nasiphi na isigqibo yi-Federal Reserve olusekelwe kucazululo, nto leyo ethatha abasebenzi bayo. Nyanga zonke iziphumo bapapashwa kwincwadi ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Beige Book", epapashwe achazayo wesiqingatha-sonyaka ingxelo Monetary Congress. Enye candelo - i-Federal Open Committee Market (FOMC). umsebenzi walo kukuseka ekujoliswe kuyo imali rate. IKomiti Federal iqulathe amalungu eBhunga loLawulo kunye 4 abongameli 12 iibhanki ilungu. Le umzimba idibana izihlandlo ezisibhozo ngonyaka. Enye inxalenye yalo Fed - ngokwaso iibhanki ilungu. Bona esweni amaziko zemali yorhwebo esweni ukuphunyezwa kwe-nkqubo ekhethiweyo lawulo wemali. Ngalunye lwemizi egcina imali lilungu 12 - kwisithili.

History of imvelaphi

Imizamo yokuqala ukudala inkqubo yemali dyondzisaka eUnited States zenziwa ngenkulungwane ye-18. First kunye Bank Second lasekwa ngo Ngo1791-m kunye 1816 m ngokulandelelana. Ngamnye kubo oye waphila iminyaka engama-20. Zombini ibhanki yokuqala neyesibini ukuba amasebe kulo lonke eli lizwe kwaye lisebenza urhulumente, abasemagunyeni emali kunye iinkonzo zabucala. Ngokubanzi, umsebenzi wabo ngokwanelisayo. Nangona kunjalo, inxalenye enkulu yabantu zange kubondla na ukukukholelwa. Ukwehlisa igunya labo iye yanxulunyaniswa kunye exacerbation of nepolitiki, ngoko ke zivaliwe. I-1907 panic wamtyhala Congress ukwenza i-Federal Reserve System. Yaye yasekwa yiKomishoni Monetary yeSizwe ukuhlola iindlela zokuthintela panics zemali osisigxina, bankruptcies. Ngowe-1913, Congress yadlula Federal Reserve Act. Kwaba ekuqaleni izicwangciso ukuba Fed uya kuba amandla ngaphantsi kakhulu kunokuba sibona ngoku. Wayefanele ukuba wenza izinto zadalwa beebhanki ilungu, ukwandisa luthambe kwemali kunye nokusebenza kwenkqubo yonke. Ngokuthe ngcembe, kunjalo, lwaseNtshona Koloni ziba amagunya omzimba kuqwalaselwa landa kakhulu, ngenxa isahlakalo ngamaxesha wesimo ezifuna ungenelelo karhulumente.

Ngubani na ophethe Federal Reserve?

I-Federal Reserve yi kwiibhanki ezimeleyo. Isigqibo FOMC, kwaye iBhodi leeRhuluneli ngokusekelwe kuphando abasebenzi Fed. Azikho zavunywa nguMongameli, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali kunye Congress. Oko kukuthi, ukuba bazimele. Noko ke, amalungu eQumrhu eBhunga onyulwa nguMongameli wamkelwa Congress. Ngoko ke, urhulumente olawula umgaqo-nkqubo ixesha elide Federal Reserve System. Amanye amagosa ezinxulumene zakutshanje basole ukuze babone imfuneko kumiwe epheleleyo imisebenzi yayo. Senator ndiwukrazule Pol ikholelwa ukuba uphicotho kufuneka lwenziwe kwinkqubo ngakumbi ngokucokisekileyo.

indima uSihlalo

I-Fed icwangcisa indlela yomgaqo-lawulo wemali. Kweli thuba ukususela ngowama-2014 ukuya ngo-2018 usihlalo Janet Yellen. Wagxila silwe izinga lentswela-ngqesho, nto leyo okukhethekile yakhe zemfundo. Ngoko ke, oko kunciphisa kwenzala. Iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba izenzo zayo mandundu kuphela ntlekele kunye noqoqosho zokuzinzisa abadinga wokuchasa manyathelo. Ukususela ngo-2006 ukuya ku-2014 wayengusihlalo Ben Bernanke. Waye oyingcali indima Fed ngexesha Great Depression. Kuyinto ngenxa Bernanke ikwazile ukunciphisa impembelelo yokudodobala yakutshanje.