Umothuko therapy eRussia ngo 1992

Esinye seziganeko idumileyo kuqoqosho zasekhaya elishumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane lokugqibela ekuthiwa-shoka therapy eRashiya (1992). Ngokufutshane, lo gama lithetha iseti saside ejolise ekuvuseleleni uqoqosho. Kumazwe ahlukeneyo, esi sixhobo waba ahlukile empumelelo. Njengoko kubonakala therapy kukothuka eRashiya (1992), oko kukuthi, yintoni uhlobo akuniki usebenzisa le ndlela kurhulumente? Ezi kunye nezinye imiba kwaye iza kuba isifundo yophando lwethu.

Iimpawu kombono

Ngaphambi kokuba kwiinkcukacha ezihamba isenzeko bothukile unyango eRashiya ngowe-1992, masifumanise ngokweenkcukacha ithetha ntoni le kota.

Xa core unyango kukothuka yiseti amanyathelo ezibanzi, leyo eyenzelwe ukuba negalelo ngomnyango ngokukhawuleza ukusuka crisis karhulumente. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, akusoloko, la manyathelo abe nempembelelo, nto leyo kulindeleke kubo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, ukusetyenziswa ezingafanelekanga inokude sibe sibi.

Kuba iseti eqhelekileyo kwemisebenzi ngexesha nothomalaliso kukothuka ziquka:

• ukwehliswa ubungakanani imali ejikeleza;
• isicelo nangoko namanani free;
• ukwamkelwa kwe-mali ezinzileyo;
• unciphiso kakhulu kwezinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso;
• privatisation ezinye namashishini karhulumente.

Umothuko therapy ku Russia (1992) wayengekho mzekelo kuphela ukuphunyezwa kwale sixhobo kwimbali yehlabathi. Le isethi minye yasetyenziswa kumazwe ahlukeneyo njengokuba kwangethuba yaye kamva.

Post-imfazwe Germany kunye mihla Poland - omnye weyona mizekelo adumileyo isicelo ngempumelelo kwale ndlela. Kodwa amazwe awayesakuba yiSoviet Union kunye Latin America (Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Argentina, Venezuela) shoka unyango engagungqiyo ezifana akuzange kuncede, nangona, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kwiimeko ezininzi negalelo ukuvela iinkqubo koqoqosho. amanyathelo Uphumelel ezifanayo nezo kuhlawulwa yi isifundo sethu, ukuba ngaxesha lithile kwi-UK, New Zealand, uSirayeli kunye namanye amazwe apho.

Izinto eziluncedo ezingundoqo indlela yonyango kukothuka kuthathwa ukuba wonke wayo kwaye izinga eliphezulu yemveliso yesiphumo efunekayo. I-negative kwindawo yokuqala, oku kungenzeka ukuba afeze iingozi eliphezulu kwaye ukuhla kwemigangatho abahlala kwixesha elifutshane.

iziganeko zangaphambili

Ngoku makhe ukufumana ukuba yeyiphi iziganeko kubomi lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, lanyanzela urhulumente ukuba asebenzise isixhobo ezifana shoka therapy eRashiya (1992).

Ukuphela le-80 - ekuqaleni 90 sharing-yabalasela isiganeko jikelele ezifana, njengoko ekuweni eSoviet Union. Lo mkhwa kwaba senziwa eziliqela, zombini ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho.

Enye imiqathango ezingundoqo ekuweni eSoviet Union yaba nokungasebenzi yangoku imodeli kwezoqoqosho, leyo yayisekelwe ulawulo umyalelo-zezolawulo. Imfuneko utshintsho urhulumente waseSoviet waqonda kwi 80s phakathi. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ezi ziinguqu lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, eyaziwa ngokuba "perestroika" yaqhutywa, leyo ijoliswe ngokwentando yesininzi yoluntu kunye nokwaziswa izinto iindlela yemarike kuqoqosho. Kodwa kwezi nguqulelo inxenye ye-zibaqhubayo, awaba nako ukusombulula iingxaki wayiqokelela, kodwa kuxhotyiwe kuphela meko.

Emva kokuba Ukuwa kweUSSR imeko yezoqoqosho eRashiya sele iqalile ukuba maxongo ngakumbi, nayo leyo negalelo decoupling esingumzekelo seeRiphablikhi eyayisakuba yiSoviet. Ezinye iingcali, ezifana njengoSekela Prime Minister for Policy loQoqosho egor Gaydar wayekholelwa ukuba iRussia yayisecicini yindlala ngenxa yokuba ubonelelo iziphazamiso ukutya.

Urhulumente, ekhokelwa yi Borisom Eltsinym, wayesazi ukuba lizwe kufuneka kutshintsho nangoko ezigqibeleleyo kwezoqoqosho, kunye nesiqingatha-amanyathelo akusoze uncedeke kule meko ikhoyo yezinto. Kuphela ngokuthatha amanyathelo angqongqo unako ukuphucula uqoqosho. Umothuko therapy eRashiya ngowe-1992 kuphela yaba isixhobo leyo yayinenjongo ukuzisa urhulumente lobunzima.

amanyathelo okuqala

Inyathelo lokuqala, leyo yaphehlelelwa kunye nothomalaliso kukothuka eRashiya (1992), waba yinkululeko amaxabiso. Oku kwakuthetha ukuyilwa kwento ixabiso lempahla kunye neenkonzo nangeendlela emarikeni. Ukuntsonkotha meko walala yokuba kude kube ngoko eyasetyenziswa kwi ekubunjweni ulawulo lwemo amaxabiso uninzi lweemveliso, ngoko ke inguqu luthi amaxabiso ezamahala wothuka kakhulu ngamandla kuqoqosho lonke eli lizwe.

Ukuthetha malunga nokwenzeka ngokuqaliswa amaxabiso ezamahala kwaqalisa ukuhla esinye eSoviet Union kwi-80 emva kwexesha, kodwa amanyathelo akhawulezileyo kweli cala, ukuba abazange bafike. Le meko wawunzima kukuba kukho umbuzo malunga nokwenzeka ukuyilwa amaxabiso simahla kwi nemiqathango kuqoqosho, ngelo xesha eyayikho eRashiya.

Noko ke, ngoDisemba 1991, yamkelwa nguRhulumente RSFSR kwi yinkululeko kwamaxabiso, nto leyo ukusebenza ukususela ekuqaleni kuka January 1992. Oku kakhulu nyathelo ngenkani, ukususela ekuqalisweni namanyathelo acetywayo ekuqaleni kowe-1992. Kodwa ke ingxaki kokutya ejongene yendlala, kunyanzeleke mandikhawulezise nesigqibo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuvulwa kwe ngamanyathelo anokuthatyathwa, esiya kwaziwa ngokuba unyango kukothuka eRashiya (1992) lanikwa.

Ingxaki kunye nokunqongophala kokutya kunye nezinye iimpahla iimveliso iye yaphunyelelwa, kodwa ukuqaliswa amaxabiso ezamahala yaba ekuqaleni emali, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni unciphiso kakhulu iingeniso yokwenene kwaye nkqu mpofu amacandelo athile oluntu.

Utshintsho ku kurhwebo lwangaphandle

Ixabiso yinkululeko akazange ezintsha kuphela ngelo xesha. Ngelo xesha kwenzeka kunye yinkululeko yorhwebo lwangaphandle. Amaxabiso ukungalingani kwimarike yasekhaya kunye ngamazwe kukhokelele kwinto yokuba umbutho ozibandakanye kwi kurhwebo lwangaphandle baqalisa ukwenza inzuzo enkulu. Akuzange buyanceda imali imveliso, yaye ukuba nenxaxheba zokuthengiswa izinto ekrwada. Oku kukhokelele ekwandeni urhwaphilizo yoxinaniso kwenkunzi ebalulekileyo kubantu abathile, owathi kamva kubizwa oligarchs.

emali Ukunyuka, ulwaphulo-mthetho olugqugqisileyo kunye norhwaphilizo ukudala uziva ukuba uthomalaliso kukothuka eRashiya (1992) - na indlela ukuba kuvalela.

urhulumente Gaidar

Kwakungamandla awayeqhuba iphambili emva nguqulelo yaba ngumpolitiki oselula Yegor Gaidar, ngubani khosi wabamba izikhundla nguSekela Prime Minister for Economic Affairs, uMphathiswa wezeMali kunye First noSekela-sihlalo kaRhulumente. Ukususela ngoJuni 1992, ngenxa yokuba ngumongameli Russian ayikwazanga esiwunikwe ngakumbi kunye nesithuba inkulumbuso, Yegor Gaidar wamiselwa ebambeleyo yegosa. IKhabinethi kwakukho Abahlaziyi ezifana Vladimir Shumeyko, Alexander Shokhin, Andrei Nechayev, Grigoriy Hizha, Anatoly Chubais, uPetros seAven, kunye nabanye.

Yaba urhulumente, linikwe umsebenzi ekuqhubeni ukuba yeyona ibalulekileyo Ushintsho Russian kwezoqoqosho.

Amanyathelo aphambili karhulumente

Makhe sijonge amanyathelo ezingundoqo athathwe ngurhulumente Russia yelo xesha lokwenza iinguqulelo. Ukongeza yinkululeko namaxabiso kunye norhwebo amazwe, apha ziquka utshintsho ukusuka kuqoqosho izicwangciso ukuya umyalelo karhulumente, ukuqaliswa siseko yemarike lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho, ukwakheka kwenkonzo yerhafu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba convertibility le engange, usisiqinisekiso lorhwebo olukhululekileyo, ukuncitshiswa inkcitho mali, ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo serhafu, nokunye.

Sinokuthi ngeli xesha kwasekwa iingongoma eziphambili yokuqala ukwenzela uphuhliso noqoqosho lukumgangatho.

privatisation

Enye imigaqo esisiseko indlela yonyango shoka na uthengiso kwamashishini karhulumente. Nangona yena wajika endle kuphela ngo-1993, emva yokurhoxa Egora Gaydara, kodwa ofisi yakhe iye usibekile isiseko esi siganeko sibaluleke echaza amanyathelo asisiseko ukuphumeza le njongo.

wawiswa na umthetho uthengiso ehlotyeni ka-1991, kodwa kuphela ukusukela ekuqaleni konyaka olandelayo baqalisa ukuphuhlisa iindlela ukuphunyezwa kwale nkqubo. Amatyala lokuqala kubantu babucala kwempahla karhulumente ukubhabha ngo-1992. Isantya kakhulu liphela owafunda 1993-1995. Ngeli xesha, intloko iKomiti Property loMbuso Anatoly Chubais, ngoko kwaba kunye igama lakhe inxulunyaniswa azimele, okokuqala zonke iziphumo zayo ezimbi. Kutheni?

Le peculiarity ye ngasese Russian kukuba oko kuvuleleka kubo bonke abemi beli lizwe apho uhlobo olulodwa izibambiso zazikhutshwa ezandleni zakhe - iivawutsha, okanye iivawutsha. Bekucingelwa ukuba nawuphi na ummi baya kukwazi ukuthenga yinxalenye yale nkampani, leyo isuswe kumhlaba karhulumente.

Le privatisation kwempahla karhulumente ibe yinxalenye indlela apho kwenziwa unyango kukothuka eRashiya (1992). kwayo phezulu ekubeni kunokuba antsonkothileyo. Kwelinye icala, urhulumente unako ukuphelisa uninzi amashishini ilahleko izigqibo, oko lokukhulula imali ezinye iinjongo zebhajethi, kodwa ngelo xesha linye ingoma wathengisa iqela lemibutho, leyo kuzisa inzuzo enkulu ngobunkokheli yokuluka. Inkoliso yezi asaqalayo buzinze ezandleni kukho iqela elincinane oligarchs.

Gaidar kaThixo ukuba ehle karhulumente

Ke ukuba, ukwenyuka akuthethi isantya yamendu azo, kunye nemigangatho ephilileyo yokwenene abemi zawa njalo. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni urhulumente Gaidar kaThixo liya ukulahlekelwa kuthandwa phakathi kwabantu.

Gaidar ebeyindoda yokulwa iintshaba phakathi abezopolitiko kunye nabaphetheyo kwezopolitiko. Oku kwakhokelela yokuba ngoDisemba 1992, i-Congress of yamaSekela Abantu enyanisweni ivakalise kungathenjwa ncam intloko karhulumente. UMongameli Boris Yeltsin kwanyanzeleka ukuba athumele ukuba asule zonke izithuba zakhe, usihlalo weBhunga labaPhathiswa waqeshwa uViktor Chernomyrdin.

Ndingathanda ukuqaphela oku kulandelayo: nangona Gaidar ikwazile ukuthatha ebomini zonke iingcamango zakhe, kodwa ikhondo jikelele kuphuhliso loqoqosho zemarike likarhulumente it beka.

Iziphumo ukusetyenziswa konyango kukothuka

iziphumo kakhulu edidayo kwilizwe kwaba isicelo womatshini yezoqoqosho njengoko yonyango kukothuka eRashiya (1992). Nzulu ngalo kwikota emfutshane ngokucacileyo ukwanda yeziphumo ezibi.

Phakathi iziganeko ezibi kufuneka anikezele ukwanda okubonakalayo kwamaxabiso, kumda phezu emali, ukwehla ngokukhawuleza yingeniso yokwenene lwabemi mpofu labemi, ukwanda umsantsa phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo oluntu, utyalo-mali owa, ukuhla GDP kunye nemveliso mveliso.

Kwangaxeshanye, iingcali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ngokusebenzisa unyango kukothuka Russia wakwazi ukuphepha sasiyintlekele koluntu kunye nendlala.

Izizathu zokusilela

Ukungaphumeleli isihlobo ukusetyenziswa bothukile unyango eRashiya ngenxa yokuba ingengabo bonke iziqalelo scheme lakudala iyalandelwa ngqo. Umzekelo, indlela therapy kukothuka kubandakanya ukuncitshiswa kwezinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso, kwaye eRashiya, phezu koko, iye yafikelela eyothusayo ngaphambili.

A indima ebalulekileyo ukungaphumeleli yaba kukuba, ngenxa yokurhoxa zorhulumente Gaidar iinguqu abaninzi abazange Igqityiwe xesha lifutshane kangangoko, njengoko kufunwa yi-qhinga unyango kukothuka.

imiphumela

Kodwa ayiphumelelanga ngokupheleleyo ukuba shoka therapy eRashiya (1992)? imiphumo eya kuhlala ixesha elide kwezi nguqulelo kusafuneka eziliqela linamanqaku amahle. isiseko mechanism lemakethi wayelele phantsi, apho, nangona engazange iqale ukusebenza ngobuchule kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kodwa ukuba uyeke nge umyalelo-zolawulo iindlela ubudala yolawulo, kudala-izzhivshimi ngokwabo.

Ukongeza, ukuba oyise phantse ngokupheleleyo ezifana nesenzeko ephambene ukunqongophala, kwaye ekuqaleni 1998 becala lehla izinga lokukhula kwamaxabiso, nto leyo ukuba ihlelo engange.

Iingcali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba unyango othukile ngexesha, kwanokuba akukho ngendlela yawo yamandulo, wanceda ukugcina uqoqosho lweli lizwe waza wadala imiqathango ukuze ekukhuleni kwayo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane xxi.