Yintoni a ematyeni umzali

Soil - umzimba ongowemvelo ethe yasekwa impembelelo odityanisiweyo we izilwanyana kunye nezityalo, iimpawu kwendawo, iimeko zemozulu kunye nomsebenzi mveliso oluntu kwinxalenye engentla kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Xa uhlobo ubomi babantu kunye umhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuyintloko meko yenzeka ngenxa ngobukho izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, okwesibini - ngaphandle kokuba umntu nje wayeza kufa yindlala. Ngenxa yoko, umhlaba, njengoko imveliso wobomi, kuba ngaxeshanye kunye ubukho kunye nophuhliso ubomi emhlabeni.

Soil - indlela preferential zemveliso kwezolimo. Wonke umntu selhozdeyatelnost isekelwe ekusebenziseni le ncwadi. Crop kusebenza le inshorensi njengolwimi ukuba izityalo zikhule, makanyebeleze - njengesiseko yemveliso yokutya iinkomo. Kuba abalimi ukuba ukhonza yinto zokusetyenziswa kwemikhosi.

Ushishino lwezolimo lonke ngendlela enye okanye omnye ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa maleko eliphezulu kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Ngoko ke kusilungele, ukuba isicelo kufuneka ubuncinane nolwazi ezisisiseko iimpawu ubume, ukubunjwa kunye nokwabiwa kwimihlaba.

ukubunjwa Soil

Le nkqubo inzima: Iliwa umzali iguqulelwa into eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka yokuqala, hayi kuphela ukuvela kwazo kodwa ngeempawu zazo. Iimeko eziphambili ukuba umhlaba ngempumelelo - zokusonjululwa eziphilayo phezu kweliwa umzali. Ukuze kuveliswe imveliso ye ezi zinto ziphilayo kufuneka ukufuma kunye nohlobo lokutya ekhoyo kule fomu lobomi. Zombini ezi macandelo abalulekileyo ziziphumo yemozulu zamatye. Soil ukubunjwa - inkqubo eqhubekayo, kuxhomekeke ukudibana iliwa yokuqala eziphilayo, indawo yokuhlala kuyo. Uqhubeka ngolu hlobo.

Iingcambu zezityalo baye bahlala phezu engxondorheni ukufunxa izondlo kuyo, ebangela ukuba amwele kufutshane kumphezulu. Xa isityalo esifa, izondlo equlethwe kuwo, ukuya karhulumente mobile. Ngethuba lale nkqubo, inxalenye zokufunda yakuhlamba phantsi ukuhamba komoya, enye inxalenye lifakwa umphantsi nomphezulu elulwalweni, yaye wesithathu enyuselwa izityalo ezitsha.

Ukubola, izityalo benza wamatye - iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo lweziqalelo organic. Le wamatye, oqokelela kwiingcamba aphezulu elulwalweni, ebunika kwiipropati imibala kumbala mnyama. Ngaxeshanye kunye ukuyilwa wamatye likwinkqubo yokubola.

Wamatye ukubunjwa intshabalalo, kwakunye nokwanda izakhi umphantsi nomphezulu womhlaba, okubizwa umjikelo eziphilayo kwezinto - kakuhle kwenkqubo ukubunjwa komhlaba. Yile Ukubolekisa rock uludlolo iba otyebileyo.

inzululwazi Modern yahlula emaweni ephambili umhlaba-ukwakha nesisekelo iindidi eziliqela. Ngamnye kubo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe zodwa.

diluvium

Olu hlobo yamatye umzali ziquka moraines ezahlukeneyo - engundoqo, leyo zafakwa kwiindawo apho kukho ngaphambili kwabakho glacier, isiphelo kwakheka kwi kumngcipheko glacier, kwaye icala, zisendaweni emacaleni ulwimi kwi uhlobo nezihlambo zazo glaciation.

Enoba yintoni hlobo liphethwe gquma, baya kuba uhlobo iidipozithi litye: obambe oyisanti, isanti, udongwe, obambe - ngamanye amazwi, ngaloo apho imali ubunzima iyonke aqulathwe nezinkulu ezahlukeneyo. Looseness ngakumbi kubo ziqulethwe kakhulu kwi moraines eziseludinini, udongwe iphawulwa enkulu.

iidipozithi Glacial zenza imikrolo ezizodwa, ngakumbi drumlins, kunye nezinye isiphelo-Sea.

drift deposit

Ezi rocks zomhlaba-yakheka ibizwa ngokuba amanzi-glacial. Eli gama abayifumanayo ngenxa uMyili Bulelani amanzi umkhenkce zaphela. Ezi iidipozithi badla zingqonge ezi moraines ezantsi kwaye terminal, ngokufuthi idlulela kubo. Oku kungenxa ukubana ngcembe le glacier. Fluvioglacial melkovalunnyh ukubunjwa okanye ziqulathe isanti kunye zegrabile iidipozithi ukwakha eskers Delta glacial nasentshonalanga kunye nezinye imikrolo, kokuqamba intsimi ekugqibeleni esantini-nembewu.

Ezi namawa luphawulwa kwibakala eliphezulu eziphathekayo, lamination ngqo kwi ukuhoywa, leyo Kungokwemvelo nokuqukuqela yamanzi.

rocks Soil-ngokwakhiwa olu hlobo kudityaniswe obambe ukuba Ukufikisa phantse egudileyo. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba iidipozithi osisivunda ezinjalo akhiwa kuchitheke ezincinane amanzi glacial. isakhiwo yabo ashinyeneyo, viscous, uye ithinti elityheli. Ngokuba lo hlobo le ngxam kwakungafani nezinkulu.

Ikakhulu ugubungela obambe asasazwa kwimimandla yamanzi, Ukulala gquma, ukusuka apho, phantse lonke, kwahlukanisa ecacileyo.

Phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokusingqongileyo nazo loess novunduvundu. Khemikhali Ukwakhiwa yamawa ongumzali olu hlobo obambe iyafana osithelisayo, kodwa zahluke carbonate.

Isikakhulu le iidiphozithi ukunika ukuchuma komhlaba eliphantsi. Ukungabikho wamatye, izondlo, libya isiqulatho sokufuma izinto kukhokelela eziziphumo. izinto weMfundo misinga, clays podstelennyh, kunye indawo zokuxinana kwamanzi ngokuthe ngcembe, kukhokelela yokuba kwezi ndawo wabumba umzali rocks zomhlaba-ukwakha imihlaba podzolic. Xa indawo eliphezulu ukufuma zinokuba Bog-podzolic.

iidipozithi Lacustrine-glacial

Ezinkqantosini yamawa umzali akhiwa ezike amachibi bayizalisa mmandla esezantsi isiqabu kufuphi umkhenkce. Kulo mzekelo, advantageously ukubonakala tye-sixhobo sekhombuya tape ngodongwe, kodwa maxa wambi kukhubeka entlabathini novunduvundu sandy kunye engavezwanga ezithile ngokwezinga phantse tye.

nezikhukhula

Eli qela ibandakanya iidiphozithi leyo akhiwa ezihlanjeni emlanjeni, yaye emlonyeni onogumbe lomlambo. Ezi iidipozithi babe Ukufikisa abahlukene. Iindidi umzali uhlobo lwento xa nezikhukhula iya kuxhomekeka kokusingqongileyo kwendalo, ukwakhiwa kwawo usenokuba yintlabathi, udongwe, obambe kunye like. D.

deposit lacustrine

Esibonakala ngokungabikho kwe tape emva komnye kwiziseko ezingundoqo edikeni-glacial. Ngaphezu koko, ke isikakhulu ngokwemiqathango ezahlukeneyo edikeni nezitya ukubunjwa.

iidipozithi Lacustrine-nezikhukhula

Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, eli qela libandakanya imali ebekiweyo ludidi lwe nezikhukhula kunye nechibi. Ezi iidipozithi akhiwa emathafeni lwemilambo, nakumahlathi. Ingakumbi eziqhelekileyo kwiindawo izikhukhula rhoqo kwaye ezinkulu entwasahlobo. ukufuma kakhulu kwi amaplanga ixesha elide yokudodobala amanzi kukhokelela yimbonakalo uhlobo ngodongwe iidipozithi chibi. Echumileyo iimpawu ezibonakalayo umzali olu hlobo ziphantsi. Kwilizwe lethu, iindawo ezinkulu kummandla Western eSiberia, Polesie njalo njalo. N. ukhandwa olu hlobo iidipozithi.

iidipozithi proluvial

Phantsi kwale nkcazelo neetyuwa kufanelekile wabumba okwethutyana owehla evela ezintabeni. Izinto kwezi iidipozithi engalungiswanga equka lwegrabile, ingqalutye nezinto dwala. Ezi rocks ingafunyanwa kwi emazantsi entaba, nkqu gorge encinane inama imali ethe zokulwisana. Ukuhlanganisa, ezi zinto zenza i kwithafa band piedmont. rhoqo ukuba ixabiso ebonakalayo - umzekelo ocacileyo yale ngumcu ecaleni Kopet Dagh.

IBEE, njengoko ziyalandeleka, iidipozithi proluvial i fan-emile okanye cone. Ukwakhiwa proluvium ezahlukeneyo. Kufutshane kwiintaba ikakhulu imfundo schebenchatye lwegrabile, kunokuba ekrwada. Ziqhubeka isuswe le ntaba isicelo, i ezincinane isakhiwo sayo. Ngelo umgama omkhulu ukusuka unyawo proluvium ibandakanya zentlabathi novunduvundu.

iidipozithi eluvial

Soil-ukwakha amatye yolu hlobo akhiwa yemozulu kwingxelo wengxondorha, lihlala endaweni.

Ngokusekelwe ekwakhiweni yengxondorha zaseprayimari nesimilo badlula inokubonwa uhlobo lwesakhiwo kwaye namanqatha. Xa iimpawu iimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo imichiza yendalo kusenokuba iibhloko omkhulu zamatye okanye ngodongwe iimveliso egudileyo. iincopho Intaba abazizityebi emifuleni ematyeni, lo gama nasesithabazini kufumile zazizaliswe iidipozithi ngodongwe.

Eluvium luphawulwa utshintshe nje ngcembe yamawa neeyantlukwano ezingephi kumafa mineralogical of neetyuwa evela kumzali ukuze ufumane imfundo.

iidipozithi deluvial

Ezingxondorheni ephambili Umhlaba-ezenza ukuba olu hlobo iidipozithi yeentlobo rock. Bona ke ngokusondeleyo kakhulu kunxulumene eluvial, ukuba, enyanisweni, ilutshabalalisile iinduli imvula okanye meltwater eluvium.

Ndiyila nasemaweni olu hlobo baye kwibakala kunye ezithile ngokwezinga ebalulekileyo. Amaninzi, ezi Ingaphandle eyayingqalene kwithambeka yentaba. Ubukhulu becala luqulathe kwamasuntswana glinoobraznyh. Ukukwazi ukubona ubutyobo enkulu onamatye lincinane kakhulu.

iidipozithi alolu hlobo afumaneka kwiindawo yokunciphisa isiqabu, kufutshane kwiintaba okanye eentaba.

iidipozithi Eluvial-talus

Nature eluvial kunye needipozithi talus kukuba iindawo ezinkulu asondelelene. Ngesi lungiselelo, siqonde apho omnye uhlobo intlenga iqala ize iphele nenye, kunzima kakhulu, ukuba ngeke kwenzeke. Iingcali bagqiba ukuba emaweni umzali kulo mzekelo iya kubizwa ngokuba talus eluvial. Basoloko zifumaneka kwiindawo weentaba kunye neendawo kunye onduli sezwe.

iidipozithi aeolian

Ukuqulunqwa kwale iidipozithi lisoloko linxulunyaniswa ukuqokelelana umsebenzi umoya.

Ngokuqinisekileyo iidipozithi aeolian ezi iidipozithi zesanti ezakha indawo of intlango kunye nezo entlango. Ezi zithinteli ukudala imikrolo ukuluqonda - iindunduma. Kungenxa kuye kwamathandabuzo kuquka imvelaphi zohlobo nohlobo Eolian.

Kwiindawo zokuhlala na enxulumene koozintlango, kakhulu, uyakwazi ukubona olu hlobo ematyeni umzali. Ezi ziquka iindunduma of imvelaphi ezahlukeneyo: ulwandle, umlambo, yezwekazi. Ezi milo akhiwa iidipozithi isanti, ziguqulelwe elidlulileyo, xa iimeko zemozulu eyahlukileyo, okanye kwi inkqubo perevevaniya namhlanje - le nkqubo udla indawo phantsi kwempembelelo bemisebenzi yabantu. Ngaphandle iipropati morphological nokufumba eolian kwahluka kuzo zonke ezinye iintlobo Ukufikisa oxwesileyo nokulungisa eliphezulu.

loess

Ezi rocks ukwakha koqeqesho uphethe indawo ibalulekileyo kwilizwe lethu. Emathafeni yelasezantsi engasezantsi, nakwintshonalanga engasentla phantse ubude bayo yonke ibandakanya loess kunye loess-like obambe. Ezi ntlobo zeengxondorha iimpawu ezikhethekileyo: friability, akukho ezithile ngokwezinga, porosity. Umahluko ibalulekileyo phakathi kwabo - kokuqulathwe eliphezulu magnesium calcium carbonate.

neetyuwa marine

Marine ngokwakha namawa ikakhulu zimelwe neRashiya i lweCaspian uxinezeleko. imfundo yabo kwesi sithili yenzekile ngexesha ukreqo yokugqibela oLwandle lweCaspian. Ezi iidipozithi ibekwe apha ngohlobo clays chocolate platy ashinyeneyo, Sands amaxesha. Amaxesha amaninzi, ezi ematyeni kuba etyuwa olomeleleyo. , Ukongeza iidipozithi zaselwandle uphawu i-Arctic Ocean.