Rocks. Yokuhlela.

Education, eliquka izimbiwa kunye ezivele ngaphakathi okanye phezu komhlaba, phantsi kweemeko ezithile zejoloji zibizwa ngokuba "ematyeni". Zenza 4.6 billion. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo yaye izakhiwo nemibala eyahlukeneyo.

Ematyeni yayo imvelaphi ziye zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu: sedimentary, igneous nemetamorphic.

Iqela lokuqala yezimbiwa luqokelelane phezu noqweqwe. Ukwandisa le hlobo akhiwa beqokelela neetyuwa kumhlaba kwaye kumaqumrhu amanzi kunye neentlenge agcina phantsi kwempembelelo womxhuzulane. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela wemfundo, ukuba yahlulwe:

• rocks Chemical. Eli qela kwezimbiwa wabumba izisombululo zolwelo kwezondlo, kwakunye iintsalela zezilwanyana nezityalo emalunga emazantsi olwandle, emachibini kunye neelwandle. Ezi ziquka sodium kunye potassium ityuwa, mayifakwe kwi emazantsi amanzi, dust, ibekwe anamanzi ashushu, kwakunye kwezimbiwa zokubasa (i-oyile, igesi, ngamalahle), phosphate kunye lekalika (rock iqokobhe, ngetshokhwe kunye nabanye.). izimbiwa Uninzi kweli qela kufuneka texture sekhombuya.

• Clastic. Senziwe ngenxa yemozulu okanye ezishukumayo rocks umoya okanye amanzi glacier kunye nokwanda zabo ezilandelayo. Ngenxa yoko, batyumke ngakumbi kwaye igqojozwe. Ngokutsho kubungakanani bayo kukho amancinci, aphakathi, kunye rock irhabaxa. Ezi izimbiwa ziquka iingqalutye, igrabile, isanti, amahlalutye, udongwe.

rocks Igneous kubangelwa crystallization ukwimo etyhidiweyo ezinzulwini uMhlaba - daka. Benza up ngaphezu kwe-65% yabo ngumthamo opheleleyo ngayo kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwaye izimbiwa zixhaphakileyo.

Daka i sisincoko silicate, umphunga wamanzi ifumile kunye neegesi linyibilike ukuya degrees 1,200. Kuziwa kumphezulu kuphela phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko ezahlukeneyo zejoloji, leyo ayaphola, crystallizes kwaye yenza oliliwa, ezifana abangelwe, lenyengane, olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles.

minerals ukubona zahlulwe zibe kanti izifaka kunye effusive.

• rocks ebandakanya wonke ibekwa emhlabeni kubunzulu ongekho nzulu. Baye crystallization okulungileyo, kuxhomekeka geometry kunye nemilo, yahlulwe batholiths (abe zobungakanani ezinkulu), dykes (kufuneka isakhiwo tubular kwaye akhiwa ngokuzalisa iintanda), engundoqo (ezingcakacileyo, ixesha elide ubude).
• kuvuka Iziseko effusive xa nokuphuma daka ngaphandle kunye neraskristallizovannogo iqanjwa yeglasi mlilo. Phakathi nasemaweni olu hlobo ahluka omkhulu abangelwe ihewu kunye udaka sinters.

Kuxhomekeke kubunzulu apho daka kwenzeka, kukho amaqela amathathu igneous zezi:

• Plutonic - akhiwa kwinxalenye esezantsi kuqweqwe lomhlaba (ngokungaphelelanga okanye ngokupheleleyo). Ngokuba lo hlobo kwezimbiwa ziquka negranite.
• Mlilo - kwakheka kwi kumphezulu. Ezi ziquka izimbiwa ezifana andesite.
• Hypabyssal - kwenzeka xa daka ukugcwalisa iintanda emaweni ezikhoyo. Eli qela kunganxulunyaniswa pegmatites.

nemetamorphic. Olu hlobo minerals limele izimbiwa igneous okanye ngentlenga leyo, ukuba ngaphakathi emhlabeni, enziwe iinguqu ezibalulekileyo. Iinguqu ngenxa umahluko ubushushu, uxinzelelo okanye amachiza unxibelelwano ukuba imbonakalo ukuguda noburhabaxa kunye nolwakhiwo yamatye ngaphandle kokuphazamisa yakheke imichiza. Ngenxa yoko, omnye ngaphandle zinyibilikile izimbiwa kunye nokuchithwa atshintshelwe kwenye eqinileyo ngakumbi ukumelana. Umzekelo, lekalika iguqulelwa emarmore negranite e gneiss, induli yelitye lentlabathi kunye zwi.

Ngenxa yoko, nasemaweni nemetamorphic, sedimentary imvelaphi igneous kunye zibumba ububanzi noqweqwe. Ezi izimbiwa zingumthombo ezingundoqo minerals ezisetyenziswa ngumntu wemveliso eziphathekayo.