Wenza njani ulwimi Russian? Formation of the ulwimi Russian

Lingakanani thina, Russian-ukuthetha, ukucinga ngezinto ezinjalo ingongoma ebalulekileyo, njengoko imbali ukuvela ulwimi Russian? Ngapha koko, zingaphi iimfihlelo efihliweyo kuyo, zingaphi izinto ezinomdla ningawufumana, ukuba umbe ujule. wenza njani ulwimi Russian? Ngapha koko, ulwimi lwethu - na iminxeba zasekhaya kuphela, kuba inembali sisityebi.

Imbali yophuhliso ulwimi Russian: ngokufutshane malunga main

Apho kwakukho ulwimi lwethu lweenkobe? Kukho iingcamango ezininzi. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa (umzekelo, a ngeelwimi Guseva) nesiSanskriti elilandelayo somgadi ulwimi Russian. Nangona kunjalo, ngokusebenzisa izazinzulu yeSanskrit Indian kunye nababingeleli. Lo Latin ukuba abemi baseYurophu yamandulo - ". Into krele kakhulu kwaye funny" Kodwa njengoko intetho, eyasetyenziswa zizazinzulu Indiya, uye ngesiquphe wabonakala ecaleni lwethu? Ngaba kunye AmaNdiya baqalisa lokusekwa ulwimi Russian?

Legend ootitshala ezimhlophe ezisixhenxe

Amanqanaba kwimbali ulwimi Russian yonke Scientist uyazi ngokwahlukileyo: .. Yile imvelaphi, uphuhliso, ukuba wedwa ulimi ebantwini, uphuhliso lwesivakalisi kwaye iziphumlisi, njl Zonke ezi kunokwahluka order (ingekabinazo singayazi xa ulwimi boncwadi eyayohlulwe kuluntu) okanye utoliko. Kodwa ke, ngokutsho ilivo ilandelayo: i "zooyise" ulwimi Russian kungathathwa lootitshala emhlophe ezisixhenxe.

E India, kukho banentsomi yokuba nkqu ukufunda kwiiyunivesithi Indiya. Kumaxesha amandulo kuye abandayo olwandlwe lwe-North (malayas) bekukho ootitshala abamhlophe ezisixhenxe. Banika abantu baza babeka isiseko nesiSanskriti Brahmanism, kamva Buddhism wazalelwa khona. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba North wayengomnye kwimimandla Russia, ngoko ke Indians owayephila badla khona phezu uhambo.

legend namhlanje

Kubonakala ukuba amazwi ezininzi nesiSanskriti idibana kunye ngamazwi Russian - oku ithiyori ye ethnographer odumileyo Natalia Guseva, owabhala imisebenzi nzululwazi kwama-150 kwi imbali kunye nonqulo of India. Abaninzi kubo, ngasendleleni, ezathi, wawancamisa ekuhleni zezinye izazinzulu.

Le mbono akunjalo 'emoyeni "sathathwa. inkangeleko wakhe waba ityala umdla. Xa Natalya ehamba zezenzululwazi ohloniphekileyo eIndiya, oye wagqiba ekubeni amalungiselelo zityelele kwemilambo kumantla eRashiya. Ukunxibelelana nabahlali kwiilali zalapha, ngesiquphe Hindu walila iinyembezi yaye lenqaba netoliki, esithi ukuba uzakonwaba ukuva enjengozalwayo laso. Ke Spirit waza wagqiba ukunikela ubomi bakhe ukufundisisa isenzeko twisisaka, kwaye ngexesha elinye ukuseka indlela yokuphuhlisa ulwimi Russian.

Iyamangalisa ngokwenene! Ngokutsho ibali, ngaphaya malayas ubomi abamnyama, ukuthetha ulwimi olufanayo kanjalo wethu. Eyimfihlakalo, akukho wumbi. Noko ke, hypothesis elafikayo amazwi ethu evela Indian nesiSanskriti, le ndawo ukuba ibe. Apha ke - imbali Russian ngokufutshane ulwimi.

mbono Dragunkina

Kodwa enye ingcali yenzululwazi, ngubani sagqiba kwelokuba kwimbali ukuvela ulwimi Russian kuyinyaniso. Omnye umphengululi ezaziwayo-kakuhle Alexander Dragunkin wayesithi ukuba ulwimi enkulu ngokwenene sisuka elula ngakumbi, apho iindlela umsebenzi wokwakha ngaphantsi kunye namagama elifutshane. Olwimi ngalo lula kakhulu Russian. A ulwimi ebhaliweyo nesiSanskriti - akukho nto kodwa runes amaHindu Slavic iguqulwe kancinane. Kodwa lo mbono - nje umthetho dialectics, iphi na imvelaphi ulwimi?

version zesayensi

Kodwa inguqulo abavuma kwaye uyayamkela izazinzulu ezininzi. Uthi kwiminyaka engama-40 000 eyadlulayo (ngexesha imbonakalo yomntu wokuqala), abantu imfuneko ukuvakalisa iingcinga zabo inkqubo yentshukumo zayo. Ngoko ulwimi kwabonakala. Ke kaloku ngaloo mihla abantu ababehlala ezincinane kakhulu, kwaye bonke abantu abathetha ulwimi olufanayo. Emva kwamawaka eminyaka, kwakukho yokufuduka kwabantu. DNA abantu zitshintshile, izizwe bodwa enye kwenye yaye baqalisa ukuthetha ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Iilwimi hlukile enye kwenye ngohlobo ukubunjwa lizwi. Iqela ngalinye labantu ukuphuhlisa ulwimi lwabo, ukongeza kunye amagama amatsha, ngemizimba yabo. Kamva kwabakho imfuneko isayensi, beziza kuwasingatha ngayo into yokuba eyayichaza uphuhliso olutsha okanye izinto apho beza abantu.

Ngenxa yale ngendaleko ezingqondweni zabantu nayiphi na njalo-ebizwa ngokuba "matrix". Ezi matrices iinkcukacha ababandakanyekayo yolwimi odumileyo George Gachev oye wafunda matrices ngaphezulu kwama-30 - imifanekiso ulwimi yehlabathi. Ngokutsho ingcamango yakhe, amaJamani kuqhotyoshelwe kakhulu ikhaya labo, kwaye leyo yindlela esiveza isiJamani lothethayo. A ulwimi Russian kunye sengqondo livela ingqiqo okanye umfanekiso kwendlela, endleleni. Le isizalo phakathi ienjini wethu.

Ukuzalwa kunye nophuhliso lolwimi Russian

Malunga 3 amawaka eminyaka BC, wema phakathi lwesigodi of Proto iilwimi Indo-zaseYurophu, nto leyo iwaka kwiminyaka kamva waba ulwimi Slavonic. I-VI-VII cc. n. e. ukuba yahlulwe ngamaqela ezininzi: nasempumalanga, asentshona esemazantsi. ulwimi lwethu idla kubangelwa kwiqela mpuma.

Kwaye ke ekuqaleni umendo ulwimi yamandulo ebizwa ukubunjwa Kievan Rus (ngenkulungwane IX). Kwangaxeshanye, KIRILL I Mefody wasungula oonobumba bokuqala Slavic.

ulwimi lenqaba phambili ngokukhawuleza, kwaye inqanaba ethandwayo akayifukulanga na isiGrike kunye nesiLatini. Yaba Old Church Slavonic (owandulela lo Russian namhlanje) ikwazile efela bonke nokuxubana, kuyo ukubhala nokupapasha la maxwebhu ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ezikhumbuzo uncwadi. Umzekelo, "Wabekeleni."

kuqheleke Literature

Kwandula ke kwafika ilixa feudalism, kwaye ukoyisa Polish-Lithuanian zikhokelele kwinto yokuba XIII-XIV iinkulungwane yokuba ulwimi wahlulwe amaqela amathathu iziyelelane: Russian, Ukrainian kunye Belarus, kwakunye kwezinye iziyelelane aphakathi.

Kwinkulungwane XVI impangele wagqiba bunjani Russian ebhaliweyo (ngoko ngokuba "mova elula" kwaye baphenjelelwa Belarusian kunye Ukrainian) - faka kwayo neentambo coordinative kwizivakalisi nokusetyenziswa rhoqo kwimibutho 'ewe', "yaye", "kodwa". ubelahlekile Dual, kunye nezibizo ukuhla sifana kakhulu le mihla. Kwaye isiseko ulwimi boncwadi baba iimpawu uphawu lwentetho eMoscow. Umzekelo, 'Akane, "lwamaqabane" g "kuvalwa" ovo "yaye" evo "izimelabizo zokwalatha (ngokwayo kuwe et al.). ekugqibeleni Qala yoshicilelo evunyiweyo ulwimi Russian zoncwadi.

era Petrine

era Petrine kuchatshazelwa kuyo. Ngenxa ngeli xesha ulwimi Russian wakhululwa ukusuka 'elugcinweni "webandla, yaye ngowe-1708 iinguqu-alfabhethi, kangangokuba kuba isondele imodeli yaseYurophu.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVIII Lomonosov wabeka imithetho olutsha ulwimi Russian, edibanisa yonke into phambi kokuba: ulwimi oluthethwayo, abantu imibongo kunye ulwimi mandative. Emva ulwimi lwakhe aguqulwa Derzhavin, Radishchev, Fonvizin. Ke landa inani izifanokuthi ulwimi Russian, ukuba uhlelwe kanjani ubutyebi bayo.

Negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso intetho wethu wenza Pushkin, ababezikhaba zonke izithintelo kwisimbo ezidityanisiweyo amagama Russian yaseYurophu abathile, ukudala umfanekiso olupheleleyo bala ulwimi Russian. Yayame Lermontov ne Gogol.

uphuhliso

wenza njani ulwimi Russian kwixesha elizayo? Ukususela phakathi XIX - kwekhulu XX, ulwimi IsiRashiya iintsingiselo ezininzi zophuhliso:

1. Umhlahla zoncwadi.
2. Ukuhlangabezana lolwimi zoncwadi kunye nolwimi oluthethwayo.
3. ulwandiso Ulwimi Bulelani lwesizwana kunye slang.
4. Ukuphuhliswa "ngokoqobo" luhlobo uncwadi, iingxaki bulumko.

Thile emva, socialism iye yatshintsha Ukuveliswa ulwimi Russian, yaye ngosuku lwamashumi amabini eendaba ngenkulungwane intetho mgangathweni.

Kubonakala ukuba lwethu ulwimi mihla Russian, nayo yonke imithetho yayo lungelelanisa kwaye ntetho livela indlela elisetyenziswa iziyelelane ezahlukahlukeneyo East Slavic, anikwa lonke eRashiya ulwimi Church Slavonic. Emva kokuba bonke ayaguquka kuye kwayinto enye lweelwimi ezininzi idumileyo ehlabathini.

A kabanzi ngokubhala

Ukanti yena Tatishchev (umbhali "Imbali of Russia") wayeqinisekile ukuba uCyril Methodius hayi yasungulwa yokubhala. Oku khona kudala ngaphambi kokuba azalwe. Nokuxubana bayakwazi ukubhala kuphela: zibe iintlobo ezininzi zokubhala. Umzekelo, cuts, iimpawu, Rune okanye ileta. Abazalwana, oososayensi wathabatha njengesiseko kakhulu idrophu cap nokuguqula ngokulula. Mhlawumbi iphoswe malunga iileta neshumi elinesibini ukwenza kube lula ukuguqulela iBhayibhile. Ewe, KIRILL I Mefody wadala oonobumba Slavic, kodwa incwadi yakhe yaba sisiseko. Oko eRashiya yaye apho wayebhala.

ubungozi

Ngelishwa, ulwimi lwethu ngokuphindaphindiweyo usethubeni lokuba sisisongelo yangaphandle. Kwaye ngoko umbuzo yaba ngekamva leli lizwe. Ngokomzekelo, kwinkulungwane XIX, zonke i "cream yoluntu" wathetha kuphela isiFrentshi, enxibe i isimbo esifanelekileyo, kwaye nkqu imenyu iqulethe kuphela kwase French. ngcembe iingangamsha waqala ukulibala ulwimi lwabo lweenkobe, engasekho lubotshelelwe abantu Russian, uthenga bulumko omtsha kunye namasiko.

Ngenxa ngokuqaliswa intetho French, Russia ukuba singalahlekani kuphela ngolwimi lwabo kodwa inkcubeko. Ngethamsanqa, le meko wasindisa ubungqondi kwenkulungwane XIX: Pushkin, Turgenev, Karamzin, Dostoevsky. Ngoko ke, njengoko amadoda okwenyaniso, akazange anikezele ulwimi kufa Russian. Baye kuboniswe ngayo intle.

modernity

Kakhulu kwaye hayi kakuhle ngokupheleleyo imbali ulwimi Russian. Ngokufutshane ke akubekwe phandle. Kuya kuthatha iminyaka yokufunda. ulwimi Russian kunye nembali yabantu - into emangalisayo ngokwenene. Yaye ngaba kubiza njani wena a ngokuthanda uhlanga, yokuba ningazazi lomthonyama ulwimi, iintsomi, imibongo, kunye neencwadi?

Ngelishwa, abantu abaselula banamhlanje waphelelwa ngumdla neencwadi ezo, ngokukodwa ngenxa yoncwadi lwamandulo. Lo mkhuba aba bantu abadala. TV, Internet, iiklabhu ebusuku zokutyela, iimagazini ezenziwe blogs - konke oku, siya indawo i "iphepha nabahlobo." Abantu abaninzi ayeka ukuba izimvo zabo, ukuze ubeke yesiqhelo ebekwe yi kuluntu kunye cliches eendaba. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ziyahlonelwa yaye ahlale kwikharityhulam yesikolo, bambalwa na abo ufunda, nkqu isishwankathelo ifomu, leyo "utya" bonke ubuhle kunye nentsusa abangabasemisebenzini ababhali Russian.

Kodwa njengokuba ubutyebi bembali kunye nenkcubeko ulwimi Russian! Hi xikombiso, le ncwadi akwazi ukunika iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi ngaphezu nawaphi na amaqumrhu okujongana kwi Internet. iincwadi Russian ichaza amandla ubulumko babantu, lwenza va uthando kwilizwe lethu, kwaye siqonde ngcono. Umntu ngamnye kufuneka aqonde ukuba ulwimi lweenkobe, amasiko kwaozalelwe ekhaya, abantu ndawonye, ukuba sibanye. Kwaye Yena uyaqonda kwaye ucinga ummi mihla Russian? Isibakala sokuba ufuna ukushiya ilizwe labo ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka?

The main ingozi

Kakade, esi sisongelo engundoqo amagama amazwe ukuba ulwimi lwethu. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, le ngxaki sifanelekile ngenkulungwane XVIII, kodwa, ngelishwa, wahlala engekasonjululwa kude kube ngoku yaye ofumana iimpawu ntlekele yesizwe.

Asikuko kuphela ukuba uluntu unomdla kakhulu emazwini slang ezahlukeneyo, ulwimi ezingcolileyo, wasungula amabinzana, kangako yaye usoloko usebenzisa lokuboleka amazwe, kwintetho yakhe, silibale ukuba ngolwimi Russian kukho umdla kakhulu nye ngakumbi. La mazwi: "stylist", "yomphathi", "unxibelelwano noluntu", "summit", "ubuchule", "umsebenzisi", "ibhlogi", "Net" kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ukuba weza evela kumaqela athile eluntwini, ngoko ke ngxaki inokupheliswa walwa. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, amagama amazwe ngenkuthalo isetyenziswa ngootitshala, iintatheli, izifundiswa kunye namagosa. Aba bantu ke ilizwi abantu, Oko likhoboka lazo. Yaye kwenzeka ukuba igama basemzini ngokuqinileyo bahlale ngolwimi Russian eqala ukuze ndingangi ukuba ekwakuphila.

Yintoni ingxaki?

Ngoko ngaba kubiza njani na? Luhlaza? Fashion bonke zaphesheya? Okanye iphulo lokulwa Russia? Mhlawumbi zonke ngaxeshanye. Kwaye nale ngxaki kufuneka isonjululwe ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kungenjalo ke kakhulu emva kwexesha. Umzekelo, badla ukusebenzisa igama elithi "igosa" endaweni "yomphathi", "isidlo ishishini" endaweni "kwasemini" njalo njalo. D. Emva ekutshabalaleni abantu iqala ekutshabalaleni ulwimi.

malunga izichaza

Ngoku uyazi indlela yokuphuhlisa ulwimi Russian. Kodwa loo nto bonke. singakhankanya ngokukhethekileyo ofanelwe imbali izichazi ngolwimi Russian. Kubekho izichazi mihla-ngqangi yamandulo, yaye emva, kunye neencwadi eziprintiweyo. Kuqala ayemancinane kwaye Wayefuna ukuba isangqa elimxinwa zabantu.

Esi sichazi-magama indala Russian kuthathwa ukuba isicelo elifutshane Kormchaia Novgorod (1282). Ziquka amagama 174 ukusuka iziyelelane ezahlukeneyo: Greek, Church Slavonic, isiHebhere kunye namagama bade qho.

Emva kweminyaka 400 lwezichazi yaqala ukubonakala umthamo omkhulu. Baye odolo kwaye nkqu be-alfabhethi. Ngaloo mihla izichazi kakhulu zemfundo okanye Encyclopedic ngokwendalo, ngoko zange abalimi nje.

Esi sichazi-magama yokuqala eshicilelweyo

Kubonakele magama eprintiweyo 1596. Yaba enye kwisi kwincwadi kwi umbingeleli kolwimi Lavrentiya Zizaniya. Linemali engaphezu kwewaka amagama, ethe ezibekwe zilandelelana ngokwe-alfabhethi. Esi sichazi-magama iye nengqondo yaye wachaza imvelaphi ezininzi Old Slavonic kunye amagama abolekiweyo. Epapashwe ngeelwimi Belarusian, Russian kunye Ukrainian.

Uphuhliso Olunye lwezichazi

XVIII leminyaka obafunyanwa ezinkulu. Baye ukuba siqo- kunye nezichazi-magama ezilulwimi lunye. izazinzulu Great (Tatischev Lomonosov) ngokungalindelekanga labonisa umdla imvelaphi yamagama amaninzi. Ndaqalisa ukubhala amanqaku Trediakovskii. Ekugqibeleni, abaninzi njenge inani izichazi zadalwa, kodwa inkulu "Ecclesiastical Dictionary" kunye neminye yayo. Xa "Ecclesiastical Dictionary" ukutyhilwa safumana amagama ezingaphezu kwama-20 000. Le ncwadi wabeka isiseko magama olumisiweyo ulwimi Russian, kunye Lomonosov, kunye nezinye abaphandi baqalisa indalo yakhe.

I Dictionary kakhulu kakhulu

Imbali yophuhliso ulwimi Russian ukhumbula umhla ebonakalayo kubo bonke sonke - kokudalwa 'acacisayo Dictionary of Language Russian "V. I. Dalya (1866). Le-volume ezine bafumana intlaninge kwiintlelo kwaye iyafaneleka namhlanje. 200,000 amagama kunye izaci kwama-30,000 kunye neeyunithi phraseological nga alukwazi ingqalelo ubutyebi ngokwenene.

namhlanje

Ngelishwa, uluntu ihlabathi akanamdla kwimbali ukuvela ulwimi Russian. imeko yakhe ngoku onokuthelekiswa olunengxelo mnye, ukuba xa kukho sesayensi abanetalente engaqhelekanga Dmitri Mendeleev. Eneneni, Mendeleev akazange akwazi ukuba abe lilungu Wawongwa i-St Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences (ngoku Russian Academy of Sciences). Kwakukho ngehlazo omkhulu, yaye kuba: sisazinzulu ukumthabathela nesikolo! Kodwa Russian uBukhosi nehlabathi yayo ayenamandla: bathi ukuba ukususela Russian Lomonosov Tatishchev kwaye kwi abambalwa, beliqela elungileyo enye ingcali yenzululwazi Russian - University.

Le imbali zale mihla Russian kwenza ukuba uzibuze: ntoni ukuba ngonaphakade IsiNgesi (okanye nayiphi na enye) iza kuthatha oku Russian unique? Phawula ukuba bangaphi amazwi ethu slang angaphandle ngoku! Ewe, ukuxuba iilwimi kunye exchange friendly - yinto enkulu, kodwa nokuyicinga ukuba ibali emangalisayo intetho yethu iye yanyamalala umhlaba. Ukukhusela ulwimi lweenkobe!