Umsebenzi kwezoqoqosho. Into umsebenzi yenkqubo yoqoqosho

Inkqubo yoqoqosho - ingqiqo ukuba yenziwe abaphandi xa kujongwa kwiimeko ezininzi. Ziziphi iindlela zenzululwazi Ingabizwa kwi uhlalutyo imisebenzi yayo engundoqo? Yintoni indima karhulumente njengoko isithuthi kwamaziko eziyimfuneko ukuze ukusebenza kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho?

Yintoni le nkqubo yezoqoqosho?

Makhe sifunde bokuqonda isigama, ukuqalisa ngesihloko. Le mbono "umsebenzi kwezoqoqosho" kunokubonwa, njengoko sibonile ngentla apha, kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ingakumbi - njengento abalinganiswa elifanelekileyo likarhulumente kuqoqosho ngokubanzi. Kuthetha ntoni oku?

Okokuqala, bekuya kuba umsebenzi yenkqubo yoqoqosho, ukubonakala apho kulindelekile ngenxa yokuba liziko loluntu elizimeleyo. Yintoni umsebenzi inkqubo yoqoqosho yabela ziingcali zale mihla? Phakathi kwabo:

- Veliswa;

- qondisa;

- zobugcisa;

- mali;

- protectionist.

Cinga iinkcukacha zabo ezithile.

Veliswa umsebenzi yenkqubo yoqoqosho

Umsebenzi wokuqala kwezoqoqosho kwinqanaba kwinkqubo yolawulo karhulumente - zokuzala. kubume bayo - ukubonelela uhlaziyo rhoqo kwezibonelelo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho, ubukho apho kuyimfuneko kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho karhulumente, kwakunye umsebenzi zokwenza ngayo kunikezelo, ukwabiwa, exchange kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo ezahlukeneyo kubemi.

Veliswa umsebenzi loqoqosho urhulumente kuchaphazela oko iintlobo izinto ezenziwa omnye okanye kolunye udidi abemi apho amacandelo ezoqoqosho iya kuba kakhulu phambili kweli lizwe kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, iintlobo imisebenzi zezona ethandwa. Formation komsebenzi kuxhomekeke inqanaba lophuhliso lwentlalo noqoqosho karhulumente, ingakumbi intsebenziswano yayo namanye amazwe kwinqanaba yonxibelelwano angaphandle lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, ukusuka zentsulungeko iimpawu nenkcubeko abemi.

umsebenzi Regulatory yenkqubo yoqoqosho

Eyona misebenzi iphambili kwezoqoqosho nazo zibandakanya imithetho. umongo yalo kuphuhliso imilinganiselo ezichaza indlela apho uluntu kufuneka zenziwe, lusasazwe, bananise, yaye abo okanye ezinye iimpahla kunye neenkonzo. imithetho efanelekileyo nawo akhiwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho oluntu, namasiko alo, inkcubeko, imiba yangaphandle lwezoqoqosho nopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, le nkqubo ithatha ingqalelo imithetho injongo okuluphawu umsebenzi loqoqosho lwesizwe. Kuyinto kunokwenzeka ukuba, yinto eqhelekileyo eseka ingqalelo umsebenzi kwezoqoqosho, ukuze bathi bangquzulane izithethe ezisekiweyo kunye eziphambili kuluntu apho.

State, ukuba oko kuya kuba negalelo kule imeko enzima kwinqanaba kuqoqosho jikelele okanye umgaqo angaphandle, ukuze kuqaliswe kuqaliswe amalungiselelo omthetho emisela arhente yezoqoqosho ukuba benze izinto ngendlela ethile, nokuba kuphikisana izicwangciso zabo zemveli - ukusukela kukusilela imithetho echaphazelekayo kungakhokhelela kwiingxaki embi. karhi va - ukuphumeza la malungiselelo ukuze sokubetha ukulingana kwezimvo amaqela ezahlukeneyo zentlalo kunye nakwimibutho.

umsebenzi kwezobugcisa yenkqubo yoqoqosho

Iimpawu eziphambili zibandakanya inkqubo yoqoqosho - omnye ebandakanya ukudala iimeko ngokuyintloko yeziseko eziluncedo imisebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu ngabanye kunye nemibutho. Kule meko sithetha ukwabiwa lo msebenzi imimandla uxanduva karhulumente kunye namaqumrhu abucala ezahlukeneyo. Xa siqwalasela imisebenzi ekuphumezeni umsebenzi lwezobuchwepheshe elisombulula urhulumente, ngoko kwabo kufanelekile ziquka:

- ngokuququzelela ulungelelwaniso kwezibonelelo zothutho - ingakumbi ngokohlobo kweendlela, imibhobho, izinto ezo ngokuqhelekileyo aninako ukwakha iinkampani zabucala;

- ngokunikezela ngezibonelelo ukulungiselela ukuphunyezwa yonxibelelwano - satellite ethile, ezo zisekelwe ubugcisa eyenziwe, ngokuqhelekileyo phantsi kweenkqubo isithuba zikarhulumente;

- ukukhuthazwa yeteknoloji evela phesheya, kwakunye ukubaluleka izibonelelo eziyimfuneko.

Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi uchaphazelekayo - kubandakanywa nabo apho indima ephambili bobabo kurhulumente. Noko ke, kule meko kungenzeka ukuba uyigcine kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho yoluntu - ebusweni lweshishini, neminye imibutho ezizodwa kunye nabantu. Phakathi kwabo:

- uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe ezintsha, ulawulo, izigqibo kunye neemodeli ezoqoqosho;

- ukuyilwa imijelo ingxelo kubantu abanomdla kunye namagunya zoluntu;

- arhente umsebenzi enxulumene ukusungulwa kwamalinge zikarhulumente ezahlukeneyo sikhokelo yemisebenzi yethu kwiziseko zopolitiko kweli lizwe.

umsebenzi mali

Omnye umsebenzi obalulekileyo kwinkqubo yoqoqosho - mali. Yintoni umongo wayo?

Kule meko kukho, kuqala kwiinto zonke, umsebenzi kwezoqoqosho wezeMali, ekhutshwe yi ngurhulumente, ezivela kwamanye amazwe, okanye eyenziwe kwimithombo yangaphakathi. Uqoqosho lwesizwe yokuvelisa kunye nophuhliso kufuna eyinkunzi. State - mhlawumbi umdlali ophambili, nto leyo enefuthe ukuyilwa kwezibonelelo eyinkunzi ukufumana ezo okanye amanye amaziko oshishino. Eyona engundoqo izixhobo ze abasemagunyeni malunga nokuphunyezwa kwe-msebenzi:

- ukuphunyezwa ngolwabiwo mali ezahlukeneyo;

- ukudalwa kwesakhelo somthetho ukuze ubudlelane ngetyala;

- ukubolekisana ngqo.

Isixhobo yokuqala ingasetyenziswa kumanqanaba ezininzi ezahlukeneyo.

Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi kophuhliso loqoqosho kwaye, ngenxa yoko, igunya ngokwemiqathango mali eyinkunzi Akanakwamkela amaziko anoxanduva ngqo abasemagunyeni beli lizwe. Kulo mzekelo ezinkulu yadluliselwa kubo kakhulu simahla kodwa kuxhomekeke inkqubo engqongqo zotyalo ngezo okanye ezinye iindleko. Le mali ongasebenza imali ezahlukeneyo, imibutho uphando, ukusombulula iingxaki ezithile kwi-sikhokelo yesicwangciso sophuhliso lwezoqoqosho ezichazwe ngurhulumente.

Ukudala sikhokelo esemthethweni neentlobano ngetyala yenye iindawo abasemagunyeni zomthetho kweli lizwe. Yamkela bafakwa ejikeleza imimiselo eyahlukeneyo, njengako apho inkxaso eyinkunzi - umzekelo, urhulumente efanayo okanye umtyali-yabucala, unokuyincedisa amaqumrhu zoshishino mboleko imali abanomdla. Umzekelo - mboleko ukuze ishishini.

Central State Bank - njengoko umlawuli oyintloko zemali, kucwangcisa i iqhosha umyinge wenzala kuqoqosho. Ngokuhambelana oko kwabalelwa amaziko abucala zemali, into ke leyo nayo, ungamniki mboleko ngabanye. Ukulawula izinga ezingundoqo, urhulumente ichaphazela ngobunzulu kobudlelwane ngetyala kwaye ikhuthaza ukuphunyezwa umsebenzi kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho.

umsebenzi Protectionist yenkqubo yoqoqosho

Umsebenzi elandelayo yenkqubo yoqoqosho - protectionist. kubume bayo - ukubonelela imeko efanelekileyo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko - kunye namaqumrhu abucala, ukukhusela umdla kwezolimo ekuphumezeni umsebenzi amazwe kwezoqoqosho. Yeenkampani kunye noosomashishini abasebenza kwiimarike zangaphandle nazo ukulahla izithintelo ezahlukeneyo lweerhafu. Urhulumente, ekuqhubeni imisebenzi yayo kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho, kufuneka sibe nomdla kwinto yokuba amashishini ezo kuqaliswa kwiimarike zangaphandle, akwazi ukwenza ishishini phantsi kwemiqathango elilinganayo ubambiswano. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, abasemagunyeni ukuze enze abo okanye amanye amanyathelo protectionist athatyathiweyo ukukhusela iinkampani.

Umdla ngurhulumente ekusombululeni iingxaki ezinjalo kunokubangelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle ephambili efanelekileyo enxulumene lokhuseleko, yezoqoqosho mbandela, umgaqo, inxalenye lizwe, kudlala indima iimeko ezifana:

- imfuneko ukugcina uzinzo kule nkampani, apho yangaphandle yemarike - eziziiprayimari leyo umqeshi inkulu eRashiya;

- imfuneko igcine uqoqosho ukuba ukhuphiswano emakethe zomhlaba, ukuba ubukho iinkampani lesizwe icandelo ethile weshishini kubalulekile.

Kwezinye iimeko, urhulumente kunegalelo ngokuphumeza amanyathelo protectionist ukuze akhusele izinto koqoqosho lwamazwe nezinokuthi ngokubambisana kule okanye umbutho zoqoqosho nezopolitiko.

umsebenzi Economic njengovimba kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe

Kukho omnye utoliko ingqiqo ka "umsebenzi kwezoqoqosho ', nto leyo ithathela ingqalelo yayo ngokwemeko yokuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ke uphuhliso loqoqosho xa lilonke - njengovimba uphuhliso lizwe. Le misebenzi be ngesimilo ezahlukeneyo. Kulo mzekelo, wabona izinto kwezoqoqosho imisebenzi umbuzo, ukuphunyezwa kwayo kwinqanaba lamaziko ezikhoyo karhulumente.

ukuqonda okufanelekileyo kwexesha ethathelwa ingqalelo kananjalo bubonakala izimvo abaphandi emele izikolo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho. Iza kuba luncedo ukuba bahlole zovavanyo kwenziwa njani umsebenzi ohambelana kuphando, ngakumbi.

Ukuphunyezwa kwe imisebenzi yezoqoqosho karhulumente: i bokuqonda

Phakathi abaphandi ziye zanda iingongoma ezimbini pretty saa lwembono malunga nokuphunyezwa kwe imo umsebenzi wayo kwezoqoqosho. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokwale kuguqulelo mnye, abasemagunyeni kufuneka zibe nempembelelo encinci kwi kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho: kulindeleke ukuba nxaxheba lwabo ziya kuba lelona kopapasho imithombo ebalulekileyo yomthetho, apho izalathisi ezingundoqo kuqoqosho ziya kufakwa. Ezifana, ngokomzekelo, izinga iqhosha apho mboleko kufuneka zibe sele zikhutshiwe. Le ndawo kufutshane iingcali, emele isikolo silinene, abathi lo mbono yokuba kuqoqosho kwimarike, ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqumrhu kwezoqoqosho kufuneka kukulayinisha ngokukhululekileyo ngakumbi kangangoko kunokwenzeka phezulu. ungenelelo ebalulekileyo ndlela kunokubangela ukungalingani therebetween, ukulawula iimarike.

Enye imbono kukuba iimpawu eziphambili lwezoqoqosho kwezoqoqosho - yaye kwimarike, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ngurhulumente. imibono efanayo zibanjwa ngabameli yesikolo Keynesian. Eyona engundoqo ngxoxo apha - ukungabikho ukusebenza ekwabiweni eyinkunzi phakathi amacandelo ahlukeneyo uqoqosho kwimarike free. Ukongeza, ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kwezigqeba zoshishino zakhiwa ngaphandle kweliso eyiyo ngurhulumente, kusenokukhokelela ukuba lokubanga yemarike - kunye inxaxheba zorhwebo, njengenxalenye ukuhlanganiswa zifunwayo ukuba nesiphumo kumaqumrhu ezithile ukufumana isikhundla kunolunye emakethe.

Ukuziqhelisa, siye ingqalelo kwinqanaba umbono zinakho zincediswe ezinye iimbono ngezoqoqosho - umzekelo, kwakheka kwi isiseko ulawulo lwezoqoqosho ngoorhulumente iziphumo kwi yothuba elithile sexesha yesizwe. Ngezifundo nemisebenzi nenzululwazi kwezoqoqosho kumazwe ahlukeneyo ngoko zahlukile kakhulu zisekelwe kumava ekusetyenzisweni karhulumente ezahlukeneyo iindlela ezithile zolawulo yezoqoqosho yesizwe.

Kulo mzekelo, iingqiqo ezahlukeneyo ayikwazi kuphela, kodwa amaziko apho uphuhliso ayaqondwa abaphandi. Kwelinye ilizwe ngokwemiqathango wesizwe misebenzi yolawulo ingundoqo yenziwa yi-awodwa kwezoqoqosho karhulumente, abanye - indima ephambili bobabo izakhiwo yepalamente. Ngenxa yoko, ukugqithiselwa amava kokusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo yesizwe yezoqoqosho ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye kufuneka kwenziwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto awohluke zamaziko kwezopolitiko kaRhulumente.

ke cinga, ziziphi izinto ezingalunganga inokuba zonke iindlela ngentla kulawulo lweenkqubo kwezoqoqosho.

Umfuziselo ngokukhululekileyo inxaxheba karhulumente ekulawuleni kuqoqosho: i bokuqonda

Ngoko ke, le modeli ibonisa ungenelelo amancinane amagunya kwiinkqubo zoqoqosho. Eyona engundoqo eziluncedo yale ndlela:

- inkululeko lweshishini, ukwakha kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho;

- ukuba lula xa kuthelekiswa lokufumana imali;

- utyalo-mali nomtsalane kuqoqosho.

Bendlela imodeli ngokukhululekileyo ukubandakanyeka karhulumente kulawulo lwezoqoqosho:

- uvakalelo kuqoqosho yesizwe iingxaki;

- amandla ngenxa lokubanga kweemarike ngenxa yokudityaniswa kunye ukuzuza;

- ukunciphisa izinga lokhuseleko, karhulumente zeenkampani kwi-sikhokelo yorhwebo lwangaphandle.

Ngenxa yoko, indlela ingqalelo, apho umsebenzi kwezoqoqosho kwemisebenzi karhulumente kuncitshiswe, ikakhulukazi kwiimeko kwephupha lophuhliso loqoqosho - xa kungekho sizathu ngokukhethekileyo ukuthetha ngale ntlekele, Ukwanda bathengi likhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba sihlangane rhoqo kunye ekuthengeni ezi ncwadi, kunye nemiqathango yorhwebo - bekhululekile ukuze amashishini kufuneka akukho mfuneko kufuna uncedo evela kurhulumente, sithembele yokhuseleko yakhe. Ntoleyo, Noko ke, ngaba kunjalo kuyaqapheleka ngenxa imfuneko ukugcina ukhuphiswano kuqoqosho lwesizwe.

imodeli Keynesian ulawulo lwezoqoqosho

Ephambene indlela zobunene kulawulo lwezoqoqosho - esekelwe phezu kwemimiselo Keynesianism ubonisa ukujika, kuphazamise kaRhulumente ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo yentsebenziswano kwinqanaba kwezolimo kurhwebo yesizwe. Eyona engundoqo eziluncedo yale ndlela:

- ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa kwamanyathelo protectionist kumashishini, ehamba namanye amazwe;

- ulawulo lokubanga yemarike ngokwemigaqo yokudityaniswa kunye ukuzuza;

- ukukhuselwa amashishini nentlekele.

Noko ke, le modeli zolawulo kwezomnotho nezingeloncedo:

- nga phezulu ngokwaneleyo kwiimeko ezininzi, utyalo-mali nomtsalane kuqoqosho - ngenxa yobukho imiqobo kunokwenzeka ezenziwe ngokwemimiselo malunga notyalo-mali izivumelwano, isiphelo kwafika;

- uphuhliso kade lwamashishini ezininzi, nto leyo ngaphandle ungenelelo ngoncedo kurhulumente ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza - umzekelo, ngenxa yokwaziswa ngokukhawuleza ubuchwepheshe ezintsha;

- ubunzima kunokwenzeka yokufikelela kwinkunzi kumaqumrhu zoshishino abanomdla - umzekelo, ngenxa komoya yi-Central Bank.

Ukongezelela, njengoko sikhankanywe ngasentla, kunokukho ukuvela kolawulo lwama-monopolisi - ngenxa yokufunyanwa ngamashishini ahlukeneyo asemgangathweni kwiindawo zemarike kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimihlaba yoluntu enomdla. Ngokucacileyo, imisebenzi yolawulo lwezoqoqosho kufuneka iqhutyelwe ngurhulumente ngokuqwalasela imeko yangoku kwimarike. Ukukhululeka, okanye, ngokuchasene noko, ukungenelela okuninzi, kunokufuneka ukuba kusekelwe kwiimeko ezijoliswe kuyo kwimeko yonxibelelwano phakathi kwamashishini. Ngaloo ndlela, kulungile ukuthetha ngokungabikho kokuzibophezela kwabasemagunyeni kumzekelo othize, kodwa kunokuba namandla karhulumente welizwe ukusebenzisa iindlela ezisebenzayo ezicetywayo ngamnye, kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezithile ezichaphazela ukuphuhliswa koqoqosho.