Ulwaphulo-International: ingqiqo kunye neentlobo

Imimiselo zomthetho jikelele akukho gama enye i-mthetho ngamazwe. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimpawu eziphambili oko kubo. imithombo eyahlukeneyo bathi inkcazelo enjalo, njengoko "-mthetho nxamnye nobuntu kunye nehlabathi." Izazinzulu ezininzi yeKomishoni yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ingqalelo la magama kuyahambisana. ukuba angenise ingcaciso eqhelekileyo, kwagqitywa ekubeni kulo mba. UN Commission wagqiba ukuba ukusekwa imida jikelele le mbono, ukuchaza ulwaphulo ngamazwe, ingqiqo kunye neentlobo nezenzo ekuthethwa kule Tshatha we waseLondon yamaTyala (Art. 6), kufuneka yenziwe practice.

Inkcazelo ngokubanzi

Okwangoku, ihlabathi kunye noncwadi zasekhaya unika iinkcazelo ezininzi. Emva kokuhlalutya kubo, iingcali baye bazama ukuba iqulunqe inkcazo jikelele. ityala lolwaphulo-International okuthathwa lunyhasho kwemimiselo yezomthetho jikelele. Oku kuhambisana nesohlwayo ngamnye umntu owonileyo. Eyona phawu kweso senzo obuxhasa kolawulo yayo eyintloko kwinkundla nayiphi na ilizwe ukuba ukulungele yaye uyakwazi ukuqalisa imveliso ehambelanayo. Olu phawu eyenza zolwaphulo-ngamazwe ukususela izenzo eziqhelekileyo intshutshiso ukuba oza imfundiso ulongamo karhulumente.

isigaba eyeleleneyo

uhlobo ngamazwe ulwaphulo kwakusaziwa kophulwa yokusebenzisana enoxolo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo kobudlelwane: impahla, zentlalo nenkcubeko, ezoqoqosho kunye njalo njalo. Izenzo ezinjalo enokuqoba amaqumrhu asemthethweni kunye nabemi kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Isohlwayo mthetho ngamazwe nga kusekwa izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo ngamazwe. Noko ke, izivumelwano ezinjalo kufuneka ngamazwe amazwe signatory. Ukuzisa bokubi ubulungisa kule meko ikhutshwa phandle phakathi kolawulo karhulumente ethile. Ezi zenzo, njengoko umthetho, iquka SANDF, ukuxhwilwa, ngomgunyathi, imveliso kunye nokusasazwa iziyobisi njalo-njalo.

Oko yayingako imiqondiso na izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho jikelele?

achaza lwabo luxhomekeke iimpawu ezithile. Okokuqala kwaye kwephambili umda ezininzi zokusasaza. ulwaphulo-International, kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho nxamnye uxolo ibandakanya Kukwaphula zombini imithetho eqhelekileyo ngokubanzi kunye nezivumelwano interstate. Imimiselo kuthotyelwa loo mntu unetyala mayibhekiswe ukukhuselwa amaxabiso ezithile. Bona ingqalelo uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe njengento ebalulekileyo nesibophelelayo bonke abantu onke amazwe. Amaxabiso Core iyalungiswa:

• I-UN Charter.
• I-Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• Convention yaseYurophu.
• Nezivumelwano International.
• Geneva Convention njalo njalo.

Le ukulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngamazwe ngumsebenzi ukuze lonke uluntu jikelele.

Eyona eziphambili ze

Le mimiselo ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zolwaphulo-mthetho jikelele:

1. Kohlanga.
2. Ukuhlasela emkhosini.
3. Ngamacala enziwa ebantwini.
4. Ndlongo.

kohlanga

Le nkcazelo iquka zolwaphulo ngamazwe zomthetho ezenziwe ngenjongo wentshabalalo eqela yobuhlanga, ezenkolo okanye yesizwe. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, ziquka:

1. Ibulala amalungu oluntu.
2. Nqanda ezizalwayo.
3. igalelo Mental.
4. Izimo ubomi obuqhelekileyo.
5. Ukubangela umonakalo emzimbeni.

Ezi zenzo zolwaphulo ngamazwe liqulathwe yeNgqungquthela yoThintelo kohlanga Ukohlwaya ka-1948, i-iRoma yoMthetho ICC ukususela 1998

Lwentengiso abemi '

Olu didi lubandakanya zolwaphulo-ngamazwe zilandelayo:

• Kubukhoboka.
• Ukubulala.
• Link.
• Ukutshutshiswa ngenxa yezizathu zenkolo, zobuhlanga, ezopolitiko nezinye njalo njalo.

Ezi zenzo zithi ziboniswe kwi Rome yoMthetho Tribunal International.

ukuhlasela zomkhosi

Ezi ziquka zolwaphulo ngamazwe ezifana:

• Ubukhoboka nxamnye nabemi kummandla ahlala.
• Sentuthumbo of empini.
• Ukubulawa kwabahlali.
• ukulimaza amabanjwa emfazwe.
• Lokubulala nabafo abazizibambiso.
• Ukutshatyalaliswa nokuphanga propati yabucala okanye yoluntu, andigwetyelwe zijike zomkhosi.
• Ukutshatyalaliswa kusemzaneni, nokuba kusemzini, njalo njalo.

Loo mthetho inkundla ezisisiseko sentlalo eziqulathwe kuMgaqo kule Tshatha, iRoma uMniki, neProtokholi ezongezelelweyo kwi-Geneva.

imithetho yasekhaya

Lijongene lwamacala ngamazwe ezibhalwe ch. 34 Code Criminal. It bukhatshwa sisohlwayo, phantsi manqaku alandelayo:

• 354 - ngoba andikubizeli uluntu ukuba kuqhambuka imfazwe.
• 356 - ukusetyenziswa iindlela ezithintelweyo neendlela imfazwe.
• 357 - ngenxa kohlanga.
• 360 - ukuba kuhlaselwa amaziko kunye nabantu phantsi nokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Kufuneka utshilo Sigaba. 356 of the Code Criminal ngokuyimfuneko ngengubo, kuba iqulathe Ngokubhekiselele kwisivumelwano koorhulumente kunye Russian Federation.

Ukunakanwa nezenzo: Implications

Abaphandi baye ichonge iziphumo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zomthetho ze ukuhlelwa kakuhle nodlame ngamazwe:

1. Izenzo kolu didi umfo lowo, kungakhathaliseki nokuba kubonelelwe kukho izohlwayo kwabo nomthetho lwasekhaya.
2. gadalala International babekwe icala ziinkundla, leyo phantsi kwezinye (eziqhelekileyo) izimo abanalo ulawulo olufanelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abalingwa Durban onoxanduva ngenxa yabo, ukuze wazama zinokohlwaywa naliphi na ilizwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uxhulumaniso ndawo lwetyala kunye nobuzwe ixhoba okanye umhlaseli. Ayizi Akukhathaliseki, kwaye akukho isoyikiso ngqo ukhuseleko okanye imidla yesizwe kaRhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, utshutshiso yenziwa Ngokomzekelo, nokuba akukho isiseko eqhelekileyo ukuba wolawulo.
3. ukubetha International ukunciphisa imithetho ofanayo omzimba ka IiNtloko zoMbuso kunye namanye amagosa aphezulu ukusuka kotshutshiso. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu enze izenzo ezinjalo, wenza njengoko igosa likarhulumente, ummeli ngamandla. Kule ndaba sifo ukuba kolawulo lolwaphulomthetho okanye loluntu zeenkundla abanobuchule lwamazwe angaphandle kwaye ayigqitywanga. An mahle kwisahluko okhoyo karhulumente, abameli bozakuzo, i Foreign abaPhathiswa, kuya kuba inviolable ukuya mzuzu yokushiya post yakhe.
4. Inkundla kunikwa kolawulo nezenyama izenzo ngamazwe phambi kokusekwa kwalo. Lo mthetho kuphela kwiimeko apho ulwaphulo ziye izaphuli-mthetho ngalo migangatho zehlabathi ngelo xesha.
5. mthetho International, kuwo nawuphi na umcimbi, ezifana kohlanga, ulwaphulo-mthetho imfazwe, ukungcungcuthekiswa, ethathela nobuntu, ezingummiselo iintsilelo ayikwazi isicelo.
6. emakhaya izenzo samkelwa abasemagunyeni ye namazwe abemi abadlali batyholwa ukuba wenza isenzo, okanye ummandla apho kukweya babegqalwa, musa ukubopha iinkundla yamanye amazwe kunye nezinye amagunya abanobuchule.

Ukunyhashwa zifundo phantsi yokhuseleko

Uluhlu abantu, izenzo malunga zijongwa mthetho ngamazwe, kumGaqo-indibano efanelekileyo. Ngokutsho xwebhu, nakumaqumrhu phantsi wokhuseleko ziquka:

1. YeNtloko yomBuso okanye ilungu ngalinye lebhunga lonxibelelwano ekwenzeni umsebenzi wakhe.
2. Ezisemthethweni okanye enye arhente zamazwe ngamazwe umbutho koorhulumente, amalungu eentsapho zabo abahlala nabo.
3. UMphathiswa Foreign.
4. Abameli karhulumente okanye amanye amagosa banelungelo lokukhuselwa ekhethekileyo.
5. intloko karhulumente.
6. abantu ehamba, amaqumrhu ngasentla, iintsapho zabo.

premeditation

Kokuba imisiwe ngokunxulumene namatyala senziwa ukuba:

1. Idreyini, ubulala okanye ngenye impazamo inkululeko kunye ungubani isifundo phantsi wokhuseleko ezizodwa.
2. Ukuhlaselwa ngokusebenzisa ugonyamelo kwabaphilayo, izakhiwo ezisemthethweni, kuthetha zothutho loo mntu.
3. Ukuzama sokuhlaselwa.
4. Wazi ku hlaselo.
5. Ukubonakaliswa ezisongela ngokuchasene umntu phantsi wokhuseleko okhethekileyo.

Ngokwahlukileyo kwindlela yasekhaya yobulungisa kulwaphulo-mthetho, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe inika uluhlu olubanzi izenzo. Akukhathaliseki isisusa, ngubani waphula umthetho. amalungiselelo Main ukukhusela ezikhethekileyo lwabantu kwi Convention. Omnye wabo wavunywa ngo 1994. It ilawula ukhuseleko abasebenzi UN kunye nabantu ezinxulumeneyo. Le yokugqibela, ingakumbi, kuquka nxaxheba yokugcina uxolo, abasebenzi nemibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente ngokunika uncedo wobuntu. Ukuhlaselwa maqumrhwana zivunyiwe namatyala phantsi komthetho mthetho esizwe.

nonesi-ukuthatha

Olu lwaphulo-mthetho kwachazwa ngokuthi isenzo esiyingozi kwabanqolobi. Ekuqaleni, lo bathinjwa-ukuthatha Kwathiwa kukwaphula imilinganiselo eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi ehlabathini kuphela ityala edibene imfazwe. Iimpawu swonghasi esekwe kwi Convention of 1979, apho ngowe-1987 wangena eSoviet Union. Olu xwebhu, ingakumbi, kuchazwa ukuba umxholo libamba detains, ukusongela ukumbulala, umonakalo, okanye aqhubeke uyibambe ngayo, ukuze enze States, imibutho koorhulumente, okanye nawuphi na ummi / iqumrhu elisemthethweni ukuba enze isenzo njengomqathango enyanzelekileyo ukuba kukhululwe lenza imoto. Njengoko ulwaphulo-mthetho nalo ingqalelo iinzame kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwisenzo esinjalo. Kule meko sithetha ngayo umlinganiswa ngamazwe ulwaphulo-mthetho. Kule meko, Art. 13 Convention sicacisa ukuba uxwebhu awusebenzi kwiimeko apho ekuthatheni abemi ezenziwe ngaphakathi kummandla kwelinye ilizwe, njengoko umhlaseli exhoba awo, kunye wokuqala ise-State. Eli nqaku inika isikhokelo intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe ekulweni nalo ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngelo xesha linye ugcino nto ayikuthinteli Government of the State ukubonelela emthethweni yawo isohlwayo nasiphi na isenzo bathinjwa-ukuthatha.

ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi

imisebenzi engekho mthethweni enxulumene ukwenziwa, ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezinjalo, amashumi ezininzi kusebenza into yokuba kukho iziphumo ezisemthethweni ngamazwe. ehlabathini namhlanje Convention Single on ezidakumbisayo weziYobisi psychotropic. Zibandakanya i mimiselo esemthethweni ngokubanzi, ukunikezela iindlela zolawulo phezu Ukubolekisa iikhompawundi ezivaliweyo. Ngokukodwa, isohlwayo ebonelelwe mthethweni:

1. Ngenisa / kwamanye amazwe.
2. Ukugcinwa.
3. Ukulinywa kunye nemveliso.
4. Intengiso / kuthengwe.

Njengommiselo entsha egameni le-UN Convention, elawula indlela yokulwa yokurhweba zesini of iikhompawundi ezifana. Olu xwebhu wavunywa ngo 1988, eSoviet Union wangayamkeli ngo-1989. I-Convention ithi ngokuphelisa ukwanda ezingekho mthethweni, ukuveliswa, ukugcinwa kwezinto ezidakumbisayo kwaye psychotropic isebenza ngokubambisana onke amazwe. Uluhlu izenzo ezikufaneleyo zibe ukuhlukumeza ngabom imimiselo ecaciswe Art. 3. Lo mthetho yasekhaya kwakhona ibonelela butyala izenzo ezinjalo. ixabiso Complex uMthetho Federal "Kwi ezidakumbisayo weziYobisi Substances psychotropic", waphunyezwa ngo-1998. Iphinde yavuma sikhokelo somgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente entsimini kokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni kwezi zinto, kukho iimbekiselo ukuba izixhobo ngamazwe.

ingathathwa

Olu lwaphulo-mthetho nalo ichazwe Convention echaphazelekayo UN. Olu xwebhu ithi ukuba isenzo hlobo emngciphekweni ukhuseleko lwepropati nabantu, ebangela umonakalo kakhulu kwindlela emoyeni, kujongela phantsi abemi 'ithemba ukhuseleko moya. iimpawu Ityala inikwe kweli nqaku. 1 Convention. Njengesenzo kuthathwa mthethweni, ubundlobongela, okanye phantsi kogrogriso okanye ngokusebenzisa ezinye iintlobo zogrogriso ingathathwa okanye ulawulo kuwo, eyenziwe nguye nawuphi na umdlali ebhodini, ahlale ibhabha. Olu didi zolwaphulo kuyasebenza kwakhona izama ukwenza kunye nokuhambisana kuyo. Lo moya kucingwa ukuba kuhlala ibhabha ukususela ekudalweni okuvala ucango engaphandle emva kulayishwa phambi kokuvulwa nayiphi na ukuba ubuya kuyithula apho. I-Convention kusebenza kwiimeko apho indawo yokumisa inqanawa okanye uthathe-off ibekwe ngaphandle ubhaliso moya. Kulo mzekelo, iya akunamsebenzi, Yenza flight lizwe okanye bamanye amazwe.

I-Convention ayithi simele urhulumente ukuseka uxanduva sawo mthetho ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olo. ERashiya, umbuzo wokuvelelwa kugqitywa ngolu hlobo. Uxanduva ayixhomekekanga iimeko waphawula Convention kwaye emalunga impefumlelwano amazwe. Usebenza nayiphi na amatyala nokuhlutha izinto okanye ingathathwa. Kulo mzekelo, isohlwayo usebenza nezenzo ezenziwe kuphela zibhabha, kodwa ebudeni bokuhlala kwakhe emhlabeni. amalungiselelo Ingqongqo ebekwe phantsi kwi Convention musa kuchaphazela inegunya likazwelonke.

ukwengeza

Namhlanje ezahlula olunye udidi - ulwaphulo-cross-umda. Njengomgaqo, izenzo ezinjalo zenza sisithuko, umonakalo ezichaphazela imibutho okanye abemi kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Oko kukuthi umonakalo kulo mzekelo lingaphezu imida karhulumente omnye. Kutshanje lo mlinganiswa onelungelo kwaye ulwaphulo-mthetho.