Ukwahluka ehlabathini ophilileyo. Amanqanaba esebe kunye neempawu ezisisiseko

Zonke ukwahluka ehlabathini ophilayo nzima ukuveza ngokwalo oluninzi. Ngenxa yesi sizathu systematics zabo idibene ibe ngamaqela ngokwesiseko iimpawu ezithile. Kweli nqaku siza kuqwalasela iimpawu ezingundoqo, imigaqo yokuhlelwa kunye amanqanaba nokucwangciswa eziphilayo eziphilayo.

Ukwahluka ehlabathini ophilileyo: emfutshane

uhlobo nganye ekhoyo ehlabathini, ngamnye kunye ezizodwa. Noko ke, abaninzi kubo inani lemisebenzi esemqoka efanayo noshowo. Ngayo kwezi zizathu zonke izinto eziphilayo kufuneka zib zohlaza. Kule mihla izazi ziye Kumkani ezintlanu. Ukwahluka kwezinto eziphilayo (photo ibonisa amanye amalungu ayo), kuquka izityalo, izilwanyana, umngundo, iintsholongwane kunye neentsholongwane. Abokugqibela babo Awunayo isakhiwo zeselula, naphezu namabala bubukumkani eyahlukileyo. amagciwane molecule iqulathe nucleic iasidi angamelwa njengoko DNA kunye RNA. Around kubo iqokobhe ziiprotein. Njengoko isakhiwo enjalo ezi zinto ziphilayo ayakwazi uphawu kuphela ye izidalwa eziphilayo - self-indibano phinda ngaphakathi umkhosi eziphilayo. Zonke bacterium prokaryotes. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukhutshwe ngumongo kwizisele zabo. impahla yawo mfuza thaca nucleoid - iimolekyuli DNA setyhula, amaqela apho ibekwe ngqo kwi icytoplasm.

Izityalo kunye nezilwanyana zahluke ukutya indlela. Okokuqala bayakwazi ukuba nokulungelelanisa khompawundi organic ngexesha photosynthesis. Le ndlela lokondla ekuthiwa autotrophic. Izilwanyana kudla izinto esele zenziwe. eziphilayo enjalo ibizwa heterotrophs. Amakhowa babe iimpawu zazo zombini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Umzekelo, ukuba Kuqhotyoshelwe indlela yokuphila nokukhula mda, kodwa ayikwazi ukwenza photosynthesis.

Ezi iimpawu zezinto eziphilayo

Yaye yintoni isizathu, ngokubanzi, izinto eziphilayo ebizwa? Abaphengululi baye ichonge zokugweba. Okokuqala, kuba ubunye zesakhiwo chemical. Zonke izinto eziphilayo amiliswe zizinto eziphilayo. Ezi ziquka iiproteni, lipids, iicarbohydrate nucleic. Bonke bephela biopolymers zendalo, eziquka inani leeyunithi abaphinda. Imiqondiso yokuba izinto eziphilileyo kwakhona babe isondlo, ukuphefumla, ukukhula, uphuhliso, ukwahluka yemfuza, ukutya, ukuzala, ukuze zikwazi ukumelana.

taxon nganye luphawulwa awohluke yayo. Umzekelo, izityalo zikhula ngaphandle mda, kuba ebomini. Kodwa izilwanyana kwandisa ubukhulu ukusa kwixesha elithile. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo le uphefumlayo. Kukholelwa ukuba le nkqubo lwenzeka kuphela inxaxheba oksijini. Oku kubizwa ngokuba nokuphefumla aerobic. Kodwa apha ezinye iintsholongwane oxidize izinto eziphilayo ngaphandle kukho ioksijini - anaerobic.

Ukwahluka zehlabathi ophilileyo: amanqanaba zombutho kunye neempawu ezisisiseko

Uthe miqondiso ophilayo kwaye iseli ngemikroskopu esosulela ngokudluliselwa kwentsholongwane, yaye umnenga enkulu blue. Ukongeza, zonke izinto kwi ngokwemvelo exchange oqhagamshelwano phakathi oluqhubekayo zenkqunto namandla, kwaye ikhonkco kuyimfuneko kwikhonkco lokutya. Ngaphandle ukwahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, amanqanaba umbutho lubonisa ubukho iinkqubo ezithile kuphela nokomzimba. Bona kuphela ukuba iimpawu ngesakhiwo kunye neentlobo neyantlukwano. Makhe siqwalasele nganye ngokweenkcukacha.

kwinqanaba ezinto

Ukwahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kunye yayo elibonisa ngayo kweli nqanaba. Isiseko zonke izinto eziquka iiproteni, isakhiwo ezo acid. Inani labo elincinane - malunga 170. Kodwa kwemolekyuli iproteni iquka 20. kuphela indibanisela yazo umisela iintlobo engenasiphelo zeprotheyini neemolekyuli - amaqanda albumin intaka laxa kwimicu collagen kwezihlunu. Kweli nqanaba, kukho ukukhula kunye nophuhliso eziphilayo yokugcina jikelele kunye nokudluliselwa ukuguquka eziphathekayo, ukutya kunye namandla amafa.

kwinqanaba yeselula okanye izityalo

Iimolekyuli kwezinto eziphilayo stem cell. Ukwahluka zehlabathi ophilileyo, iimpawu ezisisiseko eziphilayo kuloo nqanaba esele ibonwe luphela. Uhlobo abasingethe eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli. Kunokuba zombini iintsholongwane kunye nezityalo, kunye nezilwanyana. izidalwa Ezo level zeselula ekwafanekisa eziphilayo.

Ngophanya nje lweliso, kusenokubonakala ngathi ubume yabo kunokuba kwakudala. Kodwa ke akunjalo. Khawufan 'ucinge nje: kwiseli enye wenza nemisebenzi yonke ephilayo! Umzekelo, Paramecium caudatum wenza motion usebenzisa misila, ukuphefumla ngalo bonke ubuso, yokwetyiswa ummiselo xi osmotic ngokusebenzisa vacuoles zizodwa. Yaziwa kula izinto kunye nenkqubo ngokwesondo, nto leyo eyenzeka ngohlobo conjugation. Xa eziphilayo multicellular kwakhiwa kwithishyu. Esi sakhiwo iqulathe iiseli, efanayo isakhiwo umsebenzi.

level organismal

Eziphilayo, ukwahluka ehlabathini eziphilayo olufundwa kweli nqanaba. ephilayo ngalinye elilodwa kwaye isebenza nangokuvumelana. Abaninzi kubo iqanjwa iiseli, ancedisana amalungu. Ngaphandle ezi zityalo asezantsi, umngundo kunye ulele. umzimba sabo ukhandwa ingqokelela iiseli ezingeyo kwizihlunu ebizwa thallus. Umsebenzi inemvelaphi eziphilayo kwesi hlobo asebenza rhizoids.

Labemi-iintlobo namanqanaba eziphilayo

Iyunithi incinane kwi Taxonomy lweentlobo. Oku isethi ngabanye, onengubo iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka efanayo. Okokuqala, lo ngowona morphological, iimpawu kwemichiza, kwaye ukukwazi ukuba akhulule kwibhulorho, ukuvumela eziphilayo ukuze ahlale data phakathi obufanayo futhi sizale otyebileyo. KABLOOM Modern ezingaphezulu kwezigidi. 1.7 Species. Kodwa ngokwesimo abanako ukuba bodwa. Phakathi kwintsimi ethile omiweyo ziintlobo ezininzi. Oku kugqiba ukwahluka ehlabathini ophilileyo. Eziphilayo, isethi zohlobo olufanayo ezihlala phakathi uluhlu esithile, ekuthiwa labemi. Kula maqela, ukuba bodwa ngezithintelo ezithile zendalo. Kusenokuba amadama, ntaba okanye iindawo ehlathini. abantu nganye luphawulwa ukwahluka wayo, kwakunye isini, ubudala, ubume bemeko, spatial kunye yemfuza.

Kodwa nkqu nangaphakathi yokuhlala olunye, iyantlukwano zezinto mkhulu ngokwaneleyo. Bonke bephela ziqhelana ukuba siphila kwiimeko ezithile kunye trophic ngokusondeleyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba uhlobo nganye ngumthombo ukutya enye. Oku kukhokelela eziphilayo okanye biocenosis. It sele iseti abantu kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene yokuhlala, lo mjikelo mba kunye namandla.

biogeocoenosis

Ke zonke izinto rhoqo ekunxityelelwana izinto zemvelo ezingaphiliyo. Ezi ziquka imo ubushushu umoya, amanzi anetyuwa kunye nokwakheka imichiza yamanzi, ukufuma kunye nokukhanya kwelanga. Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezixhomekeke kuwo kwaye ayisekho ngaphandle kweemeko ezithile. Umzekelo, izityalo abondliwayo kuphela amandla elanga, amanzi kunye carbon dioxide. Le meko yenzeka ngenxa photosynthesis, ngayo nokulungelelanisa izinto eziphilayo abalufunayo. Zizo zonke izinto zasemanzini kunye nohlobo ezingaphiliyo kuthiwa biogeocenosis.

Yintoni Biosphere

Ukwahluka ehlabathini abahlala umhlaba onokuphila kakhulu umelwe. Le iqokobhe ehlabathini yendalo iplanethi yethu, leyo eye zonke izinto eziphilayo. Le semvelo ilinganiselwe. Engaphandle imi emoyeni, anqongophele ngenxa ozone umaleko le planethi. Kubhaliwe ibekwe nomphakamo 20 - 25 km. Lo maleko imisebe yelanga eyingozi. Ngaphezu kwakhe, ubomi nje akunakwenzeka. Ukuze ibe nobunzulu km 3 umda esezantsi ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Apha, oko umda bubukho ukufuma. Ngoko nzulu banako ukuphila iintsholongwane anaerobic kuphela. Xa iqokobhe amanzi umhlaba - i kwehayidrosfere, ubomi ifumaneka unzulu 10-11 km.

Ngoko ke, izinto eziphilayo kulo mhlaba wethu casings ezahlukeneyo zendalo, abe inani iipropati isici. Ezi ziquka ukukwazi kwabo umoya, ukutya, intshukumo, ukuzala, njalo njalo. D. Ukwahluka-hlukana eziphilayo imelwe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo lombutho, ngalinye kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ukuntsonkotha ngesakhiwo kunye nokomzimba.