Ukukhusela uluntu kwimiphumo yenyikima. ukukhululeka Earthquake

Ngandlel 'ithile, uluntu ukholelwa ukuba esiloyise indalo, kodwa ke kuphela into engekhoyo. Okokuqala, malunga nesithuba abantu bazi ngaphezu malunga neelwandlekazi zehlabathi. Okwesibini, iintlekele zemvelo kude ayikwazi ukuqikelelwa kwangaphambili zizazinzulu. Kukho sisothuso kunye neziphumo neenyikima. Iifoto ukusuka kokuwa aphaphazele ehlabathini lonke rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa. Emaphepheni awubalulekanga kangakanani umntu kwimvelo.

Inyikima - unobangela kunye nohlobo

Siye safumanisa ukuba umhlaba phantsi kweenyawo zenu - le into engenakususwa lecebo, kodwa oku akunjalo. La ziitectonic plates, ibekwe emhlabeni uqweqwe e motion rhoqo, zingqubane, diverge khasa ngalinye yaye ungazithambisi nxamnye. Ukongeza, i-lwemigodi izibilini umhlaba, kuqhuma, kuwa, ukugcwalisa zokugcina nezinye iinkqubo ezininzi ngumntu angangunobangela wokuhlaselwa yinyikima enkulu. Enyanisweni, ukuba komhlaba yaye zenzeka impela njalo - malunga kanye 2 iiveki.

Noko ke, inkoliso bawa kumgangatho lwaselwandle ayinayo namandla kakhulu, kangangokuba ukuba phantse ezingabonakaliyo. Kodwa ukuba yalapho libekwe ikufutshane ngokwaneleyo komhlaba kunye neendawo abantu, yaye amandla aphakamileyo, imiphumo inokuba yintlekele.

uqikelelo wezazi

Ukukhusela uluntu nemiphumo yenyikima iqala wokuxela wayo lilonke nokubala ixesha kuya kwenzeka nini. Asikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle impumelelo ngezakhi, nelawula ukuba ezinye iindlela zokuqikelela of komhlaba amandla aneleyo ukuba kuchaphazela ubomi babantu.

Eneneni neenyikima landulelwa ezinye iinkqubo kwi lithosfere, leyo kulandelwa zihlalutywe, yaye yintoni le nenzululwazi. Kukho izixhobo ezikhethekileyo - seismometers, leyo ukubona ukuhamba ziitectonic plates. usizo lwabo yokuqikelela iinyikima bubaluleke kakhulu kuba zinika ithuba ukulungiselela intlekele, win iiyure ezimbalwa, ukuze uqale ngobungxamo kwabaviwa yabavusa abantu ngeengozi eziya kunciphisa inani lamaxhoba.

Kwiindawo ezininzi ezithandwa ziinyikima

Iindawo apho kwenzeka iinyikima, abaninzi ngokuqhelekileyo eyaziwa, kucacile ngezizathu zabo. Oku amalungu ziitectonic plates, leyo phezu usenokukhangeleka iintaba abaselula ephakamileyo afana malayas, i Andes Cordillera. Ukongeza, kukho isiphoso kunye eMpuma Ekude, udlula evela eKamchatka ecaleni Japan Yolule ngakumbi - ku kwiziqithi Indonesia kunye New Zealand. Ukusuka eGrisi ukuya kumda nembasa kumzantsi-mpuma kwaye iya ukuba kukho ingozi. Kwaye akukho nje ulwazi lengubo. Oku kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwemizi, izakhiwo ezinkulu njalo njalo. D. Ngenxa yale ingcaciso ebalulekileyo. Kwaye hayi kuphela ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa ezikhethekileyo, kodwa ukuba rhoqo phezu tufwile ukuba sikulungele ukumelana iziqalelo. Kwaye akusoloko kulula, kuba ukhuselo zabemi nemiphumo yenyikima kufuneka comprehensive. Ekugqibeleni, oku kuxhomekeke kwisikali yentlekele.

imiphumela

Ukuba uthathe ingqalelo siya kuphela iinyikima enamandla amakhulu, umzekelo yabo umonakalo ezicacileyo. Utshintsho kweendawo kolu qweqwe lomhlaba kumacala ahlukeneyo kudale umonakalo nokonakaliswa izakhiwo, iindlela kunye nezinye izinto. Oku kunokubangela ukwenzakala nokufa. Yiyo loo nto kule ndawo yokuqala nangoko emva kwentlekele onke amandla abahlanguli swi inyathelo ezifana ekukhuseleni zabemi nemiphumo yenyikima.

Imiba ephambili echaphazela olu hlobo likaxakeka ke amaza yenyikima iintlobo ezahlukeneyo:

• longitudinal Hypocentral. Lolo hide ukusuka kumthombo yonke imiyalelo kunye nefomu we ukucanda ucinezelo kunye nengxabano. ukubana lomhlaba lwenzeka ngaphaya ulwalathiso ngamaza. Likhawuleze malunga 8 km / s.
• cross Hypocentral. Kwakhona, lithe laqhenqetha kuwo onke amacala ngesantya kwe-5 km / s kunye nefom shear imimandla. Umhlaba asuswa perpendicularly ulwalathiso.
• Rayleigh and Love amaza. Lolo hide nombindi umaleko phezulu kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Ukushenxa kwicala nkqo nethe tyaba aa Incopho ngamaza. Izinga ngu 0.5 ukuya 2 km / s.

Ukongeza, imiphumo yenyikima ngokuba abantu kuxhomekeka kwindawo apho kwenzeka. Basenokuba ikhatshwe zekhephu, Udaka, izikhukula, njalo njalo. E., kuxhomekeke kuhlobo izinto zendalo kunye nomntu ezenziwe yahlaselwa iingozi. Okokugqibela, inani lamaxhoba kuchatshazelwa yi yintshukumo labemi enyikimeni. Ukuba abantu bazi ukuba baziphathe njani kakuhle, abayi kuphela asinde ngokwabo, kodwa ukunceda abanye.

iimpawu qualitative

Ngokwendalo, ubukhulu kunye nobushushu sesichengeni nayo ibalulekile. Kuba ngovandlakanyo zisetyenziswa ngokulandelelana isikali iRichter , yaye ezinye iinkqubo inqaku esetyenziswa kumazwe awahlukeneyo. In Russia kukho imigangatho 12 kuquka:

• 1 inqaku. Ababhalisileyo kuphela ngoncedo izixhobo ezikhethekileyo.
• amanqaku ama-2. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba izilwanyana ezibuthathaka kunye nabantu phezu imigangatho ephezulu izakhiwo ezinde.
• amanqaku 3. Kwaba ngaphakathi ezinye izakhiwo. Lokungcangcazela ifaniswe uhambo kule lori.
• amanqaku 4. Waziva ngabantu abaninzi, kusenokuba ucango ujingi neefestile.
• amanqaku. 5 umonakalo Minor: ijinga izinto wakhuph, eziwayo ngokuluqaba mhlophe, nezakudala iifestile.
• amanqaku 6. Kusenokubakho sibange elincinane udaka, wamatye.
• amanqaku 7. Oku lubonakala ngokuba umonakalo kakhulu kwizakhiwo, imbonakalo lwamathanda kwimihlaba efumileyo.
• amanqaku 8. umonakalo omkhulu kwizakhiwo, ukutshatyalaliswa izinto zabo.
• amanqaku 9. Liwela kwezinye izakhiwo kunye landslides.
• 10 amanqaku. Ukutshatyalaliswa izakhiwo ezininzi. Iintanda emhlabeni ukuya kwimitha 1 ububanzi.
• amanqaku 11. I epheleleyo ukutshatyalaliswa zonke izakhiwo, yamophula amaninzi phantsi komhlaba.
• amanqaku 12. ukusilela ezinkulu notshintsho kwi lithosfere. Ezinxaxhileyo ngaphakathi imilambo.

Kucacile ukuba, xa ingafuneki ngobunzulu okanye amandla nama-4-5 nangaphantsi nokukhuselwa zabemi kwimiphumo iinyikima zomhlaba, njengoko sakugcina. Kunjalo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba izinto ziintlekele hlobo.

Yintoni ukwenza ntoni?

Ke kaloku, ukuba izizathu kunye neziphumo iinyikima ziye ibonisa, uThixo ukuthetha ukuba baziphathe ngayo, ukuba mhlaba ngokoqobo, Isuka evela phantsi kweenyawo zabo.

Okokuqala kufuneka sizame ukutsala kunye wena uze luzole - kufuneka senze ngobulumko kwaye ephilileyo, alwatyuzayo ukothuka. Ukuba ntlekele ubanjwe esitratweni, kufuneka ufumane indawo kude izakhiwo kunye neentambo zombane. Ukuba Barr baqalisa ngexesha ngokuhlala naliphi na igumbi, izenzo yabantu yinyikima ixhomekeke kuhlobo isakhiwo. kwisakhiwo esinemigangatho-2-3 kungcono uphume ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kungenjalo, ukuba ixesha liyavuma, kufuneka uvule ucango, neziye zithi ke ngoko zibe ngqi uze ufumane indawo. Well endaweni evumelana kufuphi eludongeni ephambili kude neefestile, edla ukhetho olukhulu bekuya kuba itafile phantsi apho ukuzimela, okanye ibhafu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukuhlala kude izinto evakalala enzima, iifestile, njl Kakade ke, xa kufikwa ukuthutha, xa kuthe kwakho izothuso kufuneka ngoko nangoko ushiye ...

Landela-up

Kuqala kwinto zonke, ukhuselo zabemi nemiphumo yenyikima ilele ngobungxamo yayo likaxakeka kunye ekuqaleni umsebenzi ukusindisa abo abe phantsi kwale moto. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba iingcangcazela ingaphinda-phindwa, esongeza ukutshatyalaliswa, okanye abangele abantu abatsha.

Le misebenzi iphambili ye-Russian likaxakeka yoMphathiswa, kwakunye naziphi na ezinye iinkonzo nokuhlangula, xa iintlekele ezinjalo - ukukhusela abantu. Nabancedi ukunika uncedo lokuqala, liliso ngobungxamo, sisuse imiqobo. Oku awasebenzi iinyikima kuphela, kodwa nayo nayiphi na enye ezingxamisekileyo.

inyathelo lothintelo

indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa ngamanyathelo athathiweyo phambi kwenyikima. Oku kuquka kuphela mali karhulumente ukuze uphando kunye nomsebenzi wezazi, kodwa ukwakhiwa ubugcisa ezizodwa izakhiwo, amadami, izakhiwo protective.

Abantu abahlala kwindawo eyingozi, kucetyiswa ukuba unikezelo ukutya, amanzi namayeza ekhaya kwangaphambili ukuba bahlolisise ekhaya ofanele kakhulu iindawo ukufihla, bayilungise ithuba kuzo zonke iimeko, kuqukwa ukungabikho kombane, ukuba bafumane ulwazi, umzekelo nge irediyo neebhetri. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke ifanitshala, ngakumbi nzima, waba a sizinzile. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukhuselo zabemi nemiphumo yenyikima kwindawo yokuqala ixhomekeke abantu ngokwabo kunye nokulungela kwabo inyathelo ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Ngoko ke ukuba akukho ngozi iya kuba ngamaxesha ixesha lokwenza imisebenzi zoqeqesho kunye noqeqesho.

iinyikima zomhlaba ezinkulu minyaka

Kwinkulungwane xxi kukho 7 ngeentlekele ebuhlungu enxulumene ukuhamba ziitectonic plates. Bathi nqa ke bonke enamandla ngokufanelekileyo kunye namandla, yaba wukulu ezibalulekileyo yabangela amawaka ngxwelerha kunye namaxhoba:

• 26.12.2003 Iran. Ubukhulu - 6.3. Kwafa uthelekelelwa 50-60 amawaka abantu.
• 26.12.2004, Indian Ocean. Ubukhulu - 9.3. Malunga 200-250 amawaka amaxhoba.
• 12.05.2008, China, kwiPhondo Sichuan. Ubukhulu - 8.0. Ukuya ku-70 amawaka efile.
• 12.01.2010, Haiti. Ubukhulu - 7.0. Yabulala abantu abamalunga 220.000, banokuchaphazeleka 300 amawaka, ngaphezulu kwesigidi esi-1 baphulukana namakhaya kunye nempahla yabo.
• 27-02-2010, Chile. Ubukhulu - 8.8. Sikhatshwe itsunami. Ubuncinane 1000 ukufa, malunga ne-1,5 million amakhaya ezonakeleyo.
• 11.03.2011 Japan. Ubukhulu - 9.0. Ngokubulala abantu ubuncinane 15 lamawaka, kusathe ngokufanayo engekhoyo. Le nyikima umonakalo enkulu tsunami.
• 25-26.04.2015, Nepal. Ubukhulu - 4,2-7,8. Uthotho iinyikima zomhlaba, yabulala malunga 5000, omnye 7 balimala.

Akusoloko inani lamaxhoba ixhomekeke kwisikali yentlekele. Amaxesha amaninzi, abantu amanyathelo afanelekileyo ngexesha inyikima ukuvumela ugcine ubomi obuninzi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukufundisa abantu indlela baziphathe kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo kufuneka rhoqo nangokupheleleyo. Le misebenzi iphambili ye-Russian likaxakeka Ministry njengenxalenye umba, kodwa inyikima eRussia kakhulu inqabile. Mhlawumbi lo indiva umsebenzi ngelinye indleko mini imibingelelo emikhulu.