Ubume kunye nomxholo bulumko

Imvelaphi intanda njenge inzululwazi wayeselapho kumaxesha amandulo, kwakunjalo ngoko ukuba ingcamango uvela Greece okokuqala ukuba kuqokelelwe bonke ulwazi endalo kunye ihlabathi kuhlengahlengiswa ibe yeMetro enye lonke, ukusuka apho nga kamva kuba ukwaba ezinye i elikuwo kunye nemigaqo ibalulekileyo. Unako ke ngoko, inyathelo ngenyathelo, ungenza hlamusela naluphi na ulwazi eseleyo ukuze bonke baya kuba kunye nenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo yonke.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala ndaba ifilosofi zifunwa esikolweni le amaStoyike kunye Academy kaPlato, apho iqulathe ezintathu - physics, logic kunye neendlela zokuziphatha. physics Modern kuphela elinye zenzululwazi ezimbalwa zendalo, ngelixa yamachiza Greek zimela lonke ulwazi lwezenzululwazi ngendalo ngokubanzi kunye nezinto zawo ngamnye = isithuba, umlilo, amanzi, izimbiwa, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ulwahlulo Greek kukuthi ngentetho evakalayo physics, njengokuba inzululwazi ekhoyo ngokwalo. Yokuziphatha inzululwazi ukuziphatha kwabantu, ubuntu bakhe, nezenzo konke malunga nayiphi na imiba enxulumene kunye nobomi babantu, kodwa ngcamango le mfundiso yaba isidima. Logic - kukukwazi aqiqe aze athethe, ukuvakalisa izenzo kunye nezinto ngamagama.

Ngoko ke, lo mbandela bulumko ziquka Sciences ezintathu ezahlukeneyo kunye neengxaki ezintathu ezinkulu bulumko, ulungelelene iinkalo ezintathu ndikhulile - indalo, uluntu kunye nokucinga. Kwiminyaka emininzi kamva, i-nzulu kakhulu - sobulumko Hegel wathi bulumko kwabelwana kwaye kusoloko iya kwahlulwa-hlulwa ibe kwiinkalo ezintathu eziphambili - ingqiqo, intanda endalo kunye bulumko ingqondo. Noko ke, kule BC ngenkulungwane yokuqala ulwalathiso ezintathu bulumko sidibanise owesine, isixelela malunga iziqalelo zokuqala izinto zonke okanye ngemvelo yobuThixo zehlabathi. Ngoko ke, lo mbandela bulumko wongezelela lelinye igama oko kubalulekile ukuba ifumene igama ezikhona.

Ukususela elinesine ukuya kweyeshumi elinesibhozo kubekho iinguqu ezibalulekileyo kwinzululwazi, ngokunxulumene ukuvela physics iyahlolwa kwaye zemathematika, nto leyo eza entla nefuthe kwimbonakalo lwabantu kunye nepropati kanye lo mbandela-bulumko. Ubume kolwazi bulumko iye yakhula ukuquka ekufuneni iindlela ezintsha iimfundiso ezizizo endle kwendlela kunye obunzulu. Wabaseki bulumko omtsha ithathwa Descartes kunye Bacon, leyo esahlula iintlobo eziphambili lolwazi awohluke umphefumlo womntu, ubuchule eyaziwa ngenye indlela. Kwelinye icala, Descartes ecetywayo umfanekiso jikelele bulumko nje umthi, apho njengengcambu ezikhona, lo buti - physics, kunye namasebe - zonke ezinye inzululwazi, ukuthatha linentsusa yalo bulumko - amayeza, imigaqo yokuziphatha, ubucukubhede. Ngenxa yoko, ezikhona uthathwa ngokuba nangakumbi inzululwazi ezithembekileyo esisiseko ngaphezu kwimathematika, kodwa bonke ekugqibeleni, iinjongo elibonelela yokuziphatha.

De ngenkulungwane XVIII, kwabakho phantse akukho mahluko phakathi ingqiqo ka "inzululwazi" yaye "ifilosofi", isihloko bulumko kubandakanya uphuhliso ezithile kakhulu ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Yamachiza enkulu sezibalo ixesha, Newton ingqalelo ngokwakhe sobulumko oyinyaniso, yaye uKarl Linney wabiza umsebenzi wakhe 'Ifilosofi Botany ". Ubume kunye nomxholo bulumko sisasetyenziswayo isekelwe kwimigaqo emine engundoqo: ontology - inzululwazi ntle, obunzulu - inzululwazi ulwazi, nesimilo - imfundiso elungileyo, yaye ukufundiswa kwazo umanyano lwabo elililo - i ezikhona. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba isakhiwo kunye nomxholo bulumko zatshintsha phezu lonke ixesha ikhona, ngamnye bulumko iye logic yayo lwangaphakathi kunye nolwalathiso engaqhelekanga. Le miba ukwenza umbandela ifilosofi nto kubalulekile ukuqonda kuphela, kodwa umdla kakhulu isifundo kunye nolwazi umfanekiso jikelele zehlabathi, kwakunye indawo yazo kweli hlabathi.