Ubume kunye nomsebenzi DNA kunye RNA (Table)

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kuzo zonke izinto eziphilileyo, kwamagciwane kunye nesiphelo izilwanyana ngaphezulu (kuquka abantu) abe izixhobo ezikhethekileyo njengelifa. Yena imelwe iimolekyuli yeentlobo ezimbini nucleic: ideoxyribonucleic kunye ribonucleic. Kwezi izinto eziphilayo enkhowudwa ngayo ulwazi udlule umzali kubantu imbewu kwi yokuzala. Kweli phepha, sifunda indlela isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi DNA kunye RNA esiseleni, kwakunye cinga iindlela ezisisiseko iinkqubo yokosulela zamafa iimpawu zezinto eziphilayo.

Kwathi kanti, iimpawu nucleic, nangona ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo, Noko ke, zahluke kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Ngoko sithelekisa DNA kunye RNA imisebenzi yenziwe ngabo biopolymers xa iiseli kumaqela ezahlukeneyo eziphilayo. Le theyibhile thaca kwiphepha iya kukunceda uqonde ukuba yintoni umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwabo.

asidi acid - biopolymers ezintsonkothileyo

Discoveries endle ezinto eziphilayo eyenzeka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ingakumbi, yombhalo we ubume deoxyribonucleic acid, umfutho uphuhliso cytology mihla, imfuza, biotechnology nobunjineli yemfuza. Kweli qela DNA chemistry organic kunye RNA kukho into ephakamileyo ezinto eliquka iiyunithi kokuphindaphinda - monomers, ekwabizwa ngokuba nucleotides. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ukwenza kwisiphaluka ekwaziyo lweendawo self-mbutho.

macromolecules DNA enjalo badla ezinxulumene iiproteni ezithile ukuba iipropati ezithile wabiza histones. izakhiwo Nucleoprotein ukwakha izakhiwo ezizodwa - nucleosomes, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ziyinxalenye chromosome. asidi acid inokuba apha nucleus kwaye kukho icytoplasm yeseli, ndikho ubume ezinye organelles zayo, ezifana mitochondria okanye chloroplasts.

Isakhiwo lwamabala ufuzo iziyobisi

Ukuze siqonde umsebenzi DNA kunye RNA, kuyimfuneko ukuba baqonde ngokweenkcukacha awohluke yesakhiwo. Njengokuba iiproteni, nucleic ebonakala ngamazinga eziliqela nokucwangciswa macromolecules. Ubume lokuqala imelwe imixokelelwane polynucleotide, uqwalaselo lesibini nelesithathu samouslozhnyayutsya evela ngokusebenzisa uhlobo lonxibelelwano covalent. A indima ekhethekileyo ekugcineni imilo Framework of the molekyuli bobabo izitropu hydrogen, Van der imikhosi Waals kunye nonxibelelwano. Isiphumo isakhiwo indawo ye DNA, ebizwa superspiral.

Monomers nucleic acid

Ubume kunye nomsebenzi DNA, RNA, iiprotheni, kunye nezinye iipholima eziphilayo zixhomekeke zozibini kuqamba uhlobo ubungakanani macromolecules zabo. Zombini ezi ntlobo ze nucleic enziwa isakhiwo ebizwa nucleotides. Njengoko sisazi kwikhondo chemistry, isakhiwo lomba ngokuyimfuneko kuchaphazela umsebenzi wayo. DNA kunye RNA akukho ngaphandle. Kubonakala ukuba ekwakhiweni nucleotide ixhomekeka kwifomu ye-acid ngokwayo nendima yayo kwiseli. monomer nganye iqulathe amalungu amathathu: isiseko nitrogen, i carbohydrate namasalela orthophosphoric acid. adenine, guanine, thymine kunye cytosine: Kukho iindidi ezine iziseko nitrogen ye DNA na. Xa iimolekyuli RNA, bona, ngokulandelelana, adenine, guanine, cytosine kunye uracil. Ekudleni zimelwe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo pentose. I ribonucleic asidi ribose kwaye DNA - uhlobo yayo deoxygenated, ebizwa deoxyribose.

Iimpawu deoxyribonucleic acid

Okokuqala sijonga isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi DNA. RNA ukuba loqwalaselo elula lwendawo, ziya kuvavanywa kwicandelo elilandelayo. Ngoko ke, imisonto emibini polynucleotide zibanjwa phakathi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ephindaphindekayo iibhondi hydrogen kuyilwa phakathi iziseko nitrogen. Xa isibini of "adenine - thymine," kukho ezimbini, kwaye iperi "guanine - cytosine" - imixokelelwane ezintathu hydrogen.

umgca purine Conservative kunye pyrimidine neziseko yafunyanwa ngama E. Chargaff yaye yaziwa ngokuba umgaqo complementarity. Le nucleotides chain olunye ezinxulumene iibhondi phosphodiester enziwa phakathi amasalela pentose of orthophosphoric acid kunye nucleotides ezikufutshane. Ifom isantya omabini eentsontelo egcinwa yi iibhondi yehayidrojini kwenzeka phakathi hydrogen neoksijini athom eziyinxalenye nucleotides. Higher - isakhiwo ephakamileyo (supercoil) - Uphawu ukuba DNA zenyukliya iiseli eukaryotic. Kule fomu ngayo ekhoyo kwi chromatin. Noko ke, iintsholongwane kunye DNA equlathe iintsholongwane kufuneka deoxyribonucleic acid sinxulumana njengeprotini. Oku imelwe luhlobo abusazinge kwaye sibizwa ngokuba plasmid.

Kuye ngendlela efanayo DNA ye mitochondria kunye chloroplasts - organelles, izityalo kunye neeseli nezilwanyana. Ngoko sifumanisa ukuba, yintoni umahluko phakathi umsebenzi-DNA kunye RNA. Le theyibhile ingezantsi, thina abonisa umahluko kwi isakhiwo neempawu asidi acid.

ribonucleic acid

Kwemolekyuli RNA iquka mngxilo polynucleotide omnye (ngaphandle kwisakhiwo kabini-berhaxwa ezinye iintsholongwane) enokuba zombini kwi nucleus kwaye kukho icytoplasm yeseli. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi RNA ukuba ziyahluka phakathi isakhiwo neempawu. Ngenxa yoko, isithunywa RNA unalo ubunzima aphezulu eziphilayo. Oku kuhlelwe kwi iseli isiqalo kwenye zofuzo. umsebenzi MRNA - ukudlulisa ulwazi malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenqaku kwiproteni ukusuka ngumongo ukuya kukho icytoplasm. Transport ifomu nucleic acid uyanamathela monomers iiproteni - acid - ulihlangula kubo kwindawo biosynthesis.

Ekugqibeleni, RNA ribosomal senziwa nucleolus kwaye inxaxheba leeprothini yokuqaphela. Njengoko ubona, imisebenzi DNA kunye RNA e yokucolwa zeselula zahlukahlukene kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu. Baya kuya kuxhomekeka ikakhulu iiseli eziphilayo ezo izinto molecule kwimfuza. Ngoko ke, intsholongwane ribonucleic acid kusenokuba yenethiwekhi ulwazi yemfuza, kanti xa iiseli eziphilayo eukaryotic eli khono uye ideoxyribonucleic kuphela acid.

Umsebenzi DNA kunye RNA emzimbeni

Xa ixabiso nucleic acid yayo, kunye iiproteni ukuba iikhompawundi ezibalulekileyo organic. Baya ukugcina ayidlulisele iimpawu sofuzo kwaye zobumnini evela kumzali kubantu inzala. Makhe ukuchaza umahluko phakathi eminye imisebenzi DNA kunye RNA. Le theyibhile ingezantsi ibonisa umahluko iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu.

Ziintoni iimpawu iintsholongwane kweziyobisi kwimfuza?

Virus nucleic acid lungaluhlobo zombini ahamba single- kunye kabini-Strand okanye izangqa. Ngokutsho ngezigaba D.Baltimora, ezi zinto sekuba ziqulathe DNA molekyuli eziquka iziphaluka omnye okanye emibini. Iqela lokuqala luquka amagciwane of herpes kunye adenoviruses, kwaye eyesibini ibandakanya, umzekelo, parvovirus.

Imisebenzi ye DNA kunye RNA iintsholongwane akumi umthondo ulwazi yezofuzo kwi iseli, phindana ngayo iimolekyuli ethwele nucleic wentsholongwane egazini, kwaye ibandla kwamasuntswana iiprothini kwi ribosomes zomkhosi cell. Ngenxa yoko, yonke iseli ukutya na subordinated ngokupheleleyo ukuba izinambuzane nande ngokukhawuleza, okukhokelela Iseli ekufeni.

iintsholongwane RNA aqulethe

Xa ngumzuzu wenza ukungcola ezi zinto ziphilayo ngokwamaqela eziliqela. Ngoko ke, iintlobo zokuqala kuthiwa (+) RNA-balahleke single. Bona nucleic wenza imisebenzi efanayo njengomthunywa RNA iiseli eukaryotic. Xa elinye iqela iquka-ndixakene single (-) RNA. Okokuqala, molecule awo ukhutshelo kwenzeka, ekhokelela imbonakalo iimolekyuli (+) RNA, kunye nabo ke, bakhonza njengoko ithempleyithi iiproteni wentsholongwane egazini.

Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ingasentla, kuba zonke izinto, kuquka iintsholongwane, DNA kunye nemisebenzi RNA ngokufutshane kwachazwa ngokuthi: yokugcina neempawu ilifa neempawu ephilayo kunye ukosuleleka ngakumbi nenzala yabo.