Sophistry - isikolo unique bulumko endala

Indlela yokucinga bulumko kuzo zonke zaphawula phambili umgaqo efanayo: endaweni yonke imizekelo jikelele kufika iimfundiso ezivukelana kabukhali nxamnye zonke ezikhona kwaye ujonge umda sezingqondweni kwingqiqo. Descartes and Leibniz weza Immanuel Kant, kuba materialists zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, kunye Hegel - positivists. E Greece yamandulo, ekufikeni kwakhe zonke zenzululwazi, nentanda-bulumko ingakumbi, kwimeko enjalo ukuba uhlale ngonaphakade. Omnye isikolo agxeke, nokubohlwaya omnye, uze emva koko vice versa. Noko ke, kwakukho abantu ababetshangatshangise isisombululo yokuqala zonke iimbambano, ukuba zonke izikolo lengqiqo iingcamango iyaphikisana, ngoko mhlawumbi zonke "izibakala 'yabo' iimpikiswano" na "izimvo 'kuphela? Ngapha koko, xa ke, akukho namnye owakha wambona okanye uYehova, okanye uThixo, uMdali, okanye kwintlalontle ezisikelwe okanye ongapheliyo. Sophistry - kube kanye "ipilisi" lufanayo iimfazwe esingenasiphelo-bulumko.

Ngoobani aba sophists?

Abameli ezaziwayo-kakuhle le esikoleni Protagoras, Antiphon, Hippias, Gorgias, Prodicus, Likofron. Sophistry - inkqubo igxininisa ukufundisa zobuhle, ubulumko, ubugagu kunye kwiziseko zolawulo. Ukususela amanani mihla zikufutshane kakhulu kuyo kukho like Karnegi. sophistry Antique yinkqubo yokuqala, apho zimelwe yi kuthiwa-"ulwazi-abathengisi" ngubani wazisa uhlobo ezintsha ubudlelwane phakathi kwabafundi kunye nokufundisa - Unxibelelwano macala kunye nempatho elinganayo.

Ziziphi abameli kule sikolo izimvo?

I Sophists wafundisa ukweyisela abantu ukuba bacinge ngokwabo kwaye ziye ezinxulumene ne ukuvela kwedemokhrasi kwizixeko ezininzi zamaGrike. Ukuba ziye kuvakalisa mgaqo uphambili ukulingana phakathi kwabantu; baye phambili le ngcamango kunye neengqikelelo, nto leyo ekugqibeleni wabeka isiseko kwakhiwe ubudlelwane mihla kummandla komthetho kunye nolawulo loluntu. Sophistry - kusisiseko psychology, philology lwezenzululwazi, logic, neengcamango imvelaphi iicawa.

Ntoni igama elithi "sophist"?

Sophistry - isikolo ingcamango kwafikela Greece yamandulo. Le mfundiso yasekwa zizazinzulu evela polis yesiGrike eAtene malunga nesiqingatha sesibini BC kwenkulungwane yesihlanu. Igama elithi "sophist" liguqulelwe ngokusuka kwisiGrike njenge "lobulumko." Ngoko wabiza ootitshala abaqeqeshiweyo, befundisa abantu ubugcisa ubugagu. Ngelishwa, imibhalo zooyise okuqala balahleke phantse ngokupheleleyo, kuzise kule mini kweza phantse nto. Nangona kunjalo, ngokusebenzisa iinkcukacha ngqo ubaseke ukuba eli ngokuphathelele zobulumko akazange azame ukwenza inkqubo emanyeneyo kwimfundo kunye nolwazi. Abazange ufake naliphi ukubaluleka nokumisa uqeqesho. Injongo yale Sophists wayengomnye - ukufundisa abafundi ukuba ukuphikisa, ukuba ukuvula ingxoxo. yoko kucingwa ukuba nobugocigoci yakudala-bulumko - imfundiso ejoliswe kwi mpendulo.

sophists "Senior"

Ngokusekelwe kulandelelwano zembali, singathetha ubukho iintsingiselo ezimbini - sobulumko "abaphezulu" yaye "olusezantsi 'le sophism. "Senior" (Gorgias, Protagoras, Antiphon) Sophists babengabaphengululi ngokombono yokuziphatha, ezopolitiko, umthetho kunye norhulumente. Umbono we Protagoras, owathi "ndoda - umlinganiselo yezinto 'bazisa kule yokukhanyela sikolo inyaniso ngohlobo yayo njongo. Ngokutsho iingqiqo "abaphezulu" le Sophists, nto - nto ziyatshintsheka neguquguqukayo, kwaye ukusukela ukuba ezinjalo, ukuba imbono lithuthwa kunye notshintsho rhoqo. Oku kulandela ukuba uyilo lokwenyaniso weemfihlakalo ndaba ngokungakhethe cala phambi oko akunakwenzeka, ke ngoko, ukuba bathethe ngayo kuba nantoni na oyithandayo. sophistry Antique "abaphezulu" kuba luluvo ngokupheleleyo kwaye gcisa lo kwezinto ulwazi nobungcali. Bonke ababhali, le meko kufuneka ndizilandile nje ingcamango yokuba akakho ubukho ngokwayo, kuba ulwazi ayikwazi cala ukuba ukwabelana nabanye.

sophists "Omncinane"

Amalungu 'junior "kwesi sikolo yokucinga, eziquka eKrete, Alkidama, Likofron, Polemon, Hippodamus kunye Frazimaha, sophistry - i" kukhona "iingqiqo ngokoMthetho, ukusetyenziswa lamaqhinga lobuxoki abahlele zombini ubuxoki nenyaniso. NgesiGrike, igama elithi "sophistry" lithetha "ngobuqhokolo", ethe yabonakalisa kwimisebenzi abalandeli kwale mfundiso nokusetyenziswa lamaqhinga ngamazwi ukuba elahlekisayo. iingxoxo igqugqisileyo ngokusekelwe ephula ekuqiqeni.

Umgaqo methodological of sophistry

Yintoni sophistry ngokwemiqathango isicelo sayo? A indlela ethandwayo "quadrupling 'ukuba waphula kumthetho syllogism ekufuneka kuba ngaphezu izigaba ezithathu. Ngenxa yoko kudala ingxoxo lobuxoki, usebenzisa non-yesazisi iingqiqo kubonakala efanayo. Umzekelo: "Isela akafuni ukuthenga into engeyomfuneko. Ukufunyanwa into elungileyo - ukuba ishishini elungileyo. Ngenxa yoko, isela sizimisele ukwenza okulungileyo. " Kwakhona indlela ethandwayo - yinto avareji yexesha elihlanganisayo xa imigaqo lako syllogistic uphazanyiswe nolwabiwo umthamo. Umzekelo: oonozakuzaku - abantu, abanye abantu ukudlala ivayolin, zonke oonozakuzaku ukudlala ivayolin.