Representativeness - yintoni le nkqubo? imposiso network

Ingcamango kumelwa eziqhelekileyo otchetnostyakh zamanani kwaye ekulungiseleleni iintetho kunye neengxelo. Mhlawumbi ngaphandle kunzima ukucinga naluphi na uhlobo ngolwazi kwisikrini.

Representativeness - ntoni na?

Representativeness ibonisa indlela izinto ezithile okanye iindawo bahambelana umxholo nentsingiselo yabantu data evela leyo ekhethiweyo.

enye incazelo

Ingcamango ukumelwa ekwayiyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ke intsingiselo ukumelwa yawo - kuba iimpawu ukuthotyelwa kunye neempawu leeyunithi ezikhethiweyo labantu ngokubanzi ezibonisa ngokuchanileyo iimpawu ngokubanzi ledatha lonke liphela.

Kwakhona ulwazi ummeli uchazwa ubuchule ukungenisa i data isampuli ibekwe yemida neempawu ezibalulekileyo ngokwembono yophando oluqhubekayo.

isampula Representative

Umgaqo zokusampula kubalulekile ngokukhetha kakhulu ichanekile kwaye ukubonisa iimpawu isethi data. Isebenzisa iindlela ngeendlela, ezivumela ukufumana iziphumo ezichanekileyo kwaye isishwankathelo abantu jikelele, esebenzisa izixhobo kuphela ezikhethiweyo achaza umgangatho le data.

Ngoko ke, akukho mfuneko yokuba bafunde zonke izinto, kwaye lwanele ukumngqinga ukumelwa uyakhetha. Yintoni na? Oku isampuli data ngamnye ukwenzela ukuba babe nofifi malunga nobunzima iyonke iinkcukacha.

Baya kuxhomekeke indlela ukwahlula njengoko amathuba kunye non-lilonke. Ingqikelelo - isampuli leyo yenziwa yokubala data zibalulekileyo kunye umdla, ezo abameli ngakumbi kubantu ngokubanzi. Le ukhetho ngabom okanye isampuli ejikelezayo, Noko ke, sigwetyelwe imixholo yazo.

Nonprobabilistic - yenye uhlobo random sample of kwi kumgaqo oqhelekileyo we esike. Kulo mzekelo, ngokoluvo umntu owenza ukhetho olunjalo. Isebenzisa draw kuphela eyimfama.

okuba isampula

Kwenzeke yesampulu nayo zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezininzi:

• Omnye weyona migaqo elula ecacileyo - isampuli lula. Umzekelo, le ndlela isoloko isetyenziswa xa siqhuba uphando zentlalo. Kulo mzekelo, abaphenduli abakhethwa esihlweleni nanini na iimpawu ezithile, nolwazi ekuveliseni abantu bokuqala 50 abathabatha inxaxheba kuyo.
• isampulu ngabom bahluka ukuba inani neemfuno kunye nemiqathango yokukhetha, kodwa zisaxhomekeke ukuqondana, bengasukeli injongo zokufumana amanani ezilungileyo.
• Isampulu ngokusekelwe quotas - oku Kwenye on-probabilistic isampuli, nto leyo ngokufuthi esetyenziselwa uhlalutyo iiseti data enkulu. Kuba kuyo, wasebenzisa ezahlukeneyo iimeko kunye nezithethe. izinto ezikhethiweyo ukuba batshatise. Oko kukuthi umzekelo uphando loluntu kubonisa ukuba kuya kuba nodliwano-100, kodwa kuphela ngokoluvo inani labantu abaya ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile ziya kuthathelwa ingqalelo xa kulungiselelwa kweengxelo zamanani.

okuba isampula

Kuba amathuba yesampulu inani eliqikelelwayo iinketho apho izinto kwisampulu iya kuhlangana, phakathi kwabo inani iindlela kunyulwa ncam izibakala kwaye iinkcukacha ziza kuboniswa njengoko representativeness kwedatha isampula. Ezi ndlela ukubala iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko ingaba:

• isampulu Simple random. Ihlala yokuba phakathi kwicandelo ekhethiweyo ngokupheleleyo randomly ekhethiweyo lotto efunekayo mali lwe data eziya kuba isampuli ummeli.

• isampulu nokwenza random yenza kube lula ukwenza inkqubo yokubala iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko ngokusekelwe icandelo ejikelezayo. Ngoko ke, ukuba inani lokuqala random, nto leyo ibonisa inani ngokokuma kwento lwe data ekhethiweyo labantu ngokubanzi, ngu 5, ngoko ke idatha eyongezwayo ukuba ekhethiwe, umzekelo, 15, 25, 35 no-njalo. Lo mzekelo uchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba nkqu ukhetho random unokusekelwa izibalo kweenkqubo ze data eziyimfuneko ekrwada.

abathengi isampula

isampuli bunenjongo - indlela leyo sikuko kuqwalaselwa kwilungu ngalinye, kwaye zisekelwe phezu kwakhe iseti yayila uvavanyo ebonisa iimpawu kunye neempawu database ekwabelwana. Ngaloo ino- imali olukhulu data sihambisane iimfuno ummeli isampula. Kuyenzeka ukuba ngokulula khetha iqela iinketho ukuba aziyi kufakwa inani lilonke, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umgangatho data ekhethiweyo emele labantu bebonke. Ngale ndlela ke representativeness kweziphumo zophononongo.

Ubungakanani isampula

umbuzo Not wokugqibela ekufuneka iqwalaselwe - oko ubungakanani isampuli ye kuba representativeness yabemi. ubukhulu isampuli asisoloko kuxhomekeka kwinani imithombo abakhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, lo representativeness of sample kuxhomekeke ukuba zingaphi ziqwempu kufuneka ekugqibeleni lahlulwe result. Ezi ziqwempu ngaphezulu, iinkcukacha ezingakumbi angen sample nemveliso. Ukuba iziphumo ifuna igama generic kwaye ayifuni nkcukacha, ngoko, ngokulandelelana, isampuli uba ezincinane, ngenxa yokuba, ngaphandle kokuya kwi iinkcukacha, iinkcukacha zinikwe zangaphandle, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ukutyhilwa kwalo iyabiwa.

Ingcamango yokuba kukho iimpazamo representativeness

imposiso - a iiyantlukwano ezithile phakathi iimpawu iinkcukacha zabemi kunye isampuli. Ngexesha nayiphi na isampuli akunakwenzeka kakhulu ukufumana iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo, njengoko kubemi kwisifundo ngokupheleleyo isampuli zazimele nje inxalenye ulwazi kunye iinketho, lo gama isifundo eneenkcukacha kunokwenzeka kuphela xa isifundo lonke isethi. Ngenxa yoko, ekugqibeleni ezinye iimpazamo.

iintlobo iimpazamo

Ukwahlula ezinye iimpazamo ezithe zenzeka ekulungiseleleni lwesampulu:

• Ngendlela.
• Random.
• Sangabom.
• Ngabomu.
• Standard.
• Limit.

Isiseko imbonakalo iimpazamo random kunokuba uhlobo discontinuous zesifundo zoluntu luphela. Ngokuqhelekileyo, impazamo random of representativeness iye ubungakanani encinane nesimilo.

iimpazamo ngendlela zenzeka phakathi data waphula umthetho imithetho yokhetho yabantu jikelele.

Impazamo avareji - umahluko phakathi amaxabiso isampula avareji kunye esisiseko. Ukunyulwa komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni kwinani units kwisampulu. Kuyinto bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo umthamo isampulu. Ke omkhulu ivolyum, inowuthi ixabiso avareji impazamo.

Imposiso umda - umahluko enkulu phakathi ixabiso avareji iya kwenza isampula zoluntu luphela. Le Imposiso luphawulwa njengoko iimpazamo kungenzeka kakhulu phantsi kweemeko baphiwa kwazo.

iimpazamo ngabomi okanye ngempazamo of representativeness

data offset iimpazamo ngabomi okanye ngempazamo.

Emva koko ke izizathu ukuvela impazamo ngabom yi indlela ekukhetheni i-data yi nendlela yokufumanisa iintsingiselo. iimpazamo elingenzi nto zenzeke nqanaba ukulungiselela ukuqwalaselwa isampulu, ukuyilwa lwesampulu. Ukuthintela iimpazamo ezinjalo, kufuneka udale isiseko esihle ukukhiwa, idwelisa iiyunithi ukhetho candelo. Kuya kufuneka kungqinelane ngokupheleleyo kunye neenjongo isampuli ukuba zichanile, ezifikelela kuzo zonke iinkalo zokufunda.

Semthethweni, ukuthembeka, representativeness. iimpazamo ekubaleni

Ukubalwa imposiso isampula (Mm) indlela yokalo emileyo kuthetha ixabiso (M).

ubhekiselo kude olusezantsi: ubungakanani engumzekelo (> 30).

Imposiso (MP) kunye ixabiso ozalanayo ubungakanani isampula (P) (n> 30).

Kwimeko xa kuyimfuneko ngayo ukufunda aggregate, apho isixa isampuli encinane yaye iiyunithi ngaphantsi kwe-30, ngoko ke inani lamatyala kuya kuba ngaphantsi kwe iyuniti enye.

ixabiso Imposiso bulingane ngqo ubungakanani isampulu kulo. ulwazi ummeli kwaye ekubaleni iqondo ithuba ekwenzeni i zemo echanekileyo ibonisa iimpazamo ezithile ixabiso umda.

iinkqubo omele

Nje kuphela kwinkqubo yovavanyo ye ngolwazi kusetyenziswa isampula ummeli, kodwa umntu ofumana ulwazi usebenzisa iinkqubo representational. Ngenxa yoko, ubuchopho iinkqubo ezithile imali ulwazi ukudala isampula emele yonke ukuhanjiswa kolwazi ukuze eyiyo ngokukhawuleza ukuhlola idatha enikwe nokuqonda nodaba. Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo: "representativeness - ukuba le" - impela nje isikali lokuqonda koluntu. Ukuze benze oku, ingqondo isebenzisa onke aphantsi kwayo izivamvo, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lolwazi kufuneka ohlulwe emfuleni jikelele. Ngoko ke, lo umahluko phakathi:

• inkqubo representational Visual apho amalungu abasetyenziswa Ukunakana into ebonwayo iso. Abantu badla ngokusebenzisa inkqubo efanayo, ebizwa nokubonwayo. Ngale ndlela, umntu iziqwalasela ulwazi ngokohlobo imifanekiso.
• inkqubo representational ukuva. Umzimba omkhulu, nesetyenziswa - oku rumor. Ulwazi olunikwe ngokohlobo iifayile isandi okanye intetho, oko kusingathwa liSebe le nkqubo. Abantu basabela ngakumbi iinkcukacha zetyala, ebizwa audialami.
• inkqubo Kinesthetic omele ayempompoza ulwazi processing ngokuthi uyasabela kunye imiphantsi ukuqgiba, nezihlwabisayo.

• inkqubo yedijithali ummeli isetyenziselwa kunye nezinye njengendlela ukufumana ulwazi oluvela ngaphandle. Olu luvo ayinyani notoliko ubhalo lwe data.

representativeness Ngoko - ntoni na? Ukukhetha Simple kwisethi okanye inkqubo efunekayo xa phambili ulwazi? Sinokuthi ukuba representativeness ubukhulu becala imisela ingcamango yethu enemijelo data, inceda ekwahluleni kuyo esemqoka nenentsingiselo.