Physics quantum: iimpawu quantum lokukhanya

Wakhe wacinga ukuba belinokuba okuthathwa enyanisweni isimo ekukhanyeni abaninzi? Umzekelo, thatha isivamvo, amaza ubushushu, iinkqubo nomsi kunye ezifana - zonke iipropati umyinge lokukhanya. Ukuba abazange yafunyanwa, izazinzulu imisebenzi kwakungayi izakususwa kwindawo kwabafileyo, eneneni, kwakunye nenkqubela lwenzululwazi nobugcisa. Funda icandelo labo ngokukhanya quantum, nto leyo kuhlangene nesebe efanayo yemvelo.

Iipropati Quantum yokukhanya: inkcazelo

Kude kube kamva nje, nentsingiselo ecacileyo olubanzi yale meko enombala akwazi ukunika. Zisetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwinzululwazi kubomi bemihla ngemihla, kulo njengezokwakha kuphela olungumgubo, kodwa yonke le ngxaki ngo-physics. Yenza isigqibo sokugqibela zifumaneka kuphela ukusukela oososayensi banamhlanje wachaza imisebenzi ababengaphambi yayo. Ngenxa yoko, iimpawu otshangatshangiswayo quantum ukukhanya kunye - utshitshiseke iimpawu emitters zayo, atom ngantoni na electron. Quantum (okanye photon) luqokelelane ngenxa yokuba ovela ihambisa ukuthoba inqanaba lamandla, nokudaleka i pulses electro-magnetic.

Kokuma lokuqala zokukhanyisa

XIX столетии. Ingqikelelo malunga phambi iimpawu quantum lokukhanya yabonakala ngenkulungwane XIX. Oososayensi bafumene kunye nangenkuthalo iziganeko ezifana diffraction, uphazamiso kwaye nokwehlukana. Ngoncedo lwabo, lencinibakazi theory magnetic lokukhanya kususelwe. Kuye ngokusekelwe yokunyusa intshukumo elektroni ngexesha oscillations zomzimba. Ngenxa yoko, ebanjwe, kulandele amaza okukhanya Kwabonakala emva kwakhe. hypothesis Umbhali yokuqala ngalo mbandela kuye kwasekwa i eliNgesi D. Rayleigh. Yena kuthathwa njenge inkqubo radiation amaza alinganayo abasisigxina, kwaye kwindawo encinci ngolo hlobo. Ngokutsho izigqibo zayo, kunye nokuhla kwamaza kwimveliso yabo kufuneka kwandiswe rhoqo, kaloku ke, kufuneka ukuba yiultraviolet ze-x-reyi. Ukuziqhelisa, konke oku ozinzisiweyo, yaye wathabatha enye ingcali yale.

ifomula Planck kaThixo

XX века Макс Планк – физик немецкого происхождения – выдвинул интересную гипотезу. Ekuqaleni le XX kwinkulungwane maks iplanga - yesayensi German-wazalwa - ubeke phambili i hypothesis umdla. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukukhutshwa kunye nokufunxwa ukukhanya lungenzeki rhoqo, njengoko ndacinga ngaphambili, kunye neenxalenye - ufaka isicelo, okanye njengoko ibizwa ziluhlaza. h , и он был равен 6,63·10 ^-34 Дж·с. njalo Planck kaThixo yaqaliswa - ukulingana factor emelwe unobumba h, kwaye wayelingana 6,63 × 10 ^-34 J · s. v – частота света. Ukuze ubale amandla photon nganye, kufuneka ixabiso enye - v - amaza okukhanya. njalo Planck xa iphinda-phinda, yaye ngenxa yoko wafumana amandla a photon elinye. Ekubeni sesayensi German ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngokuchanekileyo kwezo indlela elula, iimpawu quantum lokukhanya, leyo ngaphambili Ndifunyenwe H. Hertz, ezilungiswe njengoko isivamvo.

Ukufunyanwa kwe isivamvo

Njengokuba besesitshilo, ISAZINZULU Genrih Gerts waba ngowokuqala arhola ingqalelo iimpawu umyinge wemali nezamechaemye ukukhanya ngaphambili. Le isivamvo yabhaqwa 1887 xa sisazinzulu wajoyina ezikhanyisayo ipleyiti izinc kunye Intonga electrometer. Kwimeko apho plate uza isimangalo omhle, le electrometer ayikho ndakhululwa. Ukuba intlawulo elibi ukhutshiwe, ifowuni iqalisa yokulahlela, kamsinya nje kwipleyiti iwela yiultraviolet ray. Ebudeni bale kunokufumaneka khona amava kuye kwabonisa ukuba le plate ubethwa ukukhanya angakanani iindleko zombane ezimbi, apho kamva wafumana igama efanelekileyo - electron.

Practical amava Stoletova

imifuniselo esebenzayo kunye elektroni olwenziwe ngumphandi Russian Alexander Stoletov. Ngokuba amalinge akhe wasebenzisa nebhalbhu yeglasi emoyeni kunye electrode ezimbini. Enye electrode yasetyenziswa transmission amandla, kwaye ngobuciko yesibini, kwaye waziswa kwipali esibi ibhetri. Ngexesha lo msebenzi, umsinga uqalisa ukwandisa amandla, kodwa emva komzuzwana yaba rhoqo kwaye umlinganiselo ngqo kwimitha lokukhanya. Ngenxa yoko, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba amandla agciniweyo of elektroni kwakunye kucothe ombane komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni ngamandla ukukhanya. Kodwa ukwanda frequency yokukhanya ubangela ukukhula lo mzobo.

iimpawu ezintsha quantum yokukhanya: i isivamvo kunye nemithetho yayo

Ngexesha uphuhliso Hertz ngayo ithiyori practice Stoletov sele lirhoxisiwe imithetho ezintathu ezisisiseko, leyo, njengoko kanti, le photons abasebenza:

Мощность светового излучения, которое падает на поверхность тела, прямо пропорциональна силе тока насыщения. 1. ukukhanya Power lowo uwe phezu komhlaba umzimba umlinganiselo ngqo inqaba saturation yangoku.

Мощность светового излучения никак не влияет кинетическую энергию фотоэлектронов, а вот частота света является причиной линейного роста последней. 2. Amandla ukukhanya aluchaphazeli amandla agciniweyo le photoelectron, kodwa frequency yokukhanya na unobangela ukukhula yomgama yakutshanje.

Существует некая «красная граница фотоэффекта». 3. Kukho uhlobo "inyele ebomvu le isivamvo." Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba xa amaza na engaphantsi kobuncincane ukukhanya Isalathisi frequency kwakhe izinto lona isivamvo uyabonakala.

iingcamango ezimbini zicinywe ubunzima

Emva ifomula ethatyathwe Max Planck, Science aginye le ngxaki. wave Ngaphambili kwabizwa, kunye neempawu umyinge yokukhanya, leyo zivulekile kancinane emva koko, ayikwazanga ayisekho kwi-sikhokelo imithetho eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi physics. Ukungqinelana nomgaqo-magnetic ingcamango endala, bonke electron zomzimba, oluba ukukhanya kufuneka angene oscillation ngenkani amatyeli okufanayo. Oku kuya kudala i amandla agciniweyo ongapheliyo oko akunakwenzeka. Ngaphezu koko, ukufumba anenani elifunekayo amanye kuhlala amandla electron kuyimfuneko ukuba bakwazi amashumi imizuzu, ngelixa isivamvo, xa kusenziwa, akukho kulibaziseka encinane. Kwavela ukudideka engaphezulu evela into yokuba amandla photoelectrons komntu akuxhomekekanga ekuzithandeleni ngamandla ukukhanya. Ngaphezu koko, engenaye ekupheleni ebomvu le isivamvo, yaye akazange kubalwa ngokomlinganiselo amaza electron amandla agciniweyo lokukhanya iye yavulwa. Ithiyori endala akwazi ukuchaza ibonakale ngokucacileyo iliso ophathekayo, kwaye omtsha akakafiki asebenza ngokupheleleyo.

Rationalism Alberta Eynshteyna

Kuphela 1905, yamachiza omkhulu Albert Einstein alubonisa practice ngokucacileyo ngethiyori, yintoni na - kuhlobo lokwenyaniso lokukhanya. Neempawu wave quantum, vula malunga ezimbini ngamnye ezinye yeengcinga e alinganayo lokuba ziluhlaza. Ukuze ugqibezele lo mfanekiso akabanga kuphela umgaqo discreteness, okt indawo ngqo ze photons esithubeni. photon ngalinye - yamasuntswana ezinokuthi wendele okanye ophumayo xa iyonke. Electron "yokuginya" photon owangaphakathi aye kwandisa isigxina yayo phezu ixabiso amandla kwelifunekayo amasuntswana. Ngaphezu koko, ngaphakathi electron photocathode ihambisa ukuya kumphezulu wayo, ngexesha ilondoloza "ithamo kabini" lwamandla, leyo output uguqulwe kumandla entshukumo. Ngale ndlela elula, kwaye isivamvo yenziwa apho kungekho Ukusabela. Xa ekupheleni electron lenza umyinge ngokwayo, apho uwa phezu umzimba, ibonakala ngamandla ngakumbi. Xa linokuya liba likhulu inani photons eziveliswe - yemisebe enamandla ngakumbi, ngokulandelelana, kwaye kunyuka yomtshangatshangiso ukukhanya ekhula.

Zizixhobo ezilula, ezo zisekelwe kumgaqo le isivamvo

Emva kokuba ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu zesiJamani kwi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, isicelo ungena iimpawu ngesixa sokukhanya ngokwenziwa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Eziqanjwayo, ogama ukusebenza lo isivamvo, ekuthiwa ziiseli solar, ummeli elula apho - zidle. Phakathi nobubi bayo bangonakala ngokuba conductivity yangoku buthathaka, uvakalelo ephantsi radiation wave elide, nto ke leyo ebangele ayinakusetyenziswa kwiisekethe AC. Icebo ezincamathelayo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi photometry, ukuba umlinganiselo amandla yobumhlophe nomgangatho ukukhanya. Kwakhona ludlala indima ebalulekileyo fototelefonah nasebudeni ukudlala audio.

Iiseli ze-photovoltaic nemisebenzi Uhanjiso

Kwakunzima uhlobo ezahlukeneyo izixhobo, ezo zisekelwe kwiipropati umyinge ukukhanya. injongo yazo - ukutshintsha mninzi yenethiwekhi. Le nto ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba isivamvo lwangaphakathi, kwaye ke sisiseko photoconductors msebenzi. Ezi semiconductors badlala indima ebaluleke gqitha kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala baqalisa ukusebenzisa iinqwelo Retro. Emva koko zinika ukusebenza elektroniki kunye ibhetri. Phakathi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini baqalisa ukusebenzisa iiseli ezinjalo elanga ekwakheni nangeziphekepheke. De kube ngoku, ngenxa isivamvo yangaphakathi yokuqhuba turnstiles kwi engaphantsi, iikhalityhuleyitha nezitulo solar.

ukusabela nomsi

Ukukhanya, uhlobo leyo kuphela inzululwazi ekhoyo ngokupheleleyo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, enyanisweni, ichaphazela umchiza kunye neenkqubo eziphilayo. Phantsi yempembelelo yokumpompoza iqala quantum ezinto eziphilayo inkqubo dissociation kunye nokudibana labo kunye atom. Ngesayensi, oku kwaziwa njenge photochemistry, yaye uhlobo omnye obubonakala photosynthesis. Kuyinto ngenxa yeenkqubo amaza ukukhanya ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezithile eziveliswa iiseli isithuba extracellular, apho isityalo uba uhlaza.

Kuchaphazela iimpawu quantum yokukhanya kunye nombono yabantu. Ukufumana kwi retina, a photon kubangela inkqubo yokubola iimolekyuli protein. Olu lwazi ethuthwa luvo ebuchotsheni, yaye emva konyango, singakwazi sonke ukubona ukukhanya. Sebegula protein molecule ivuselelwa umbono indawo neemeko ezintsha.

iziphumo

Siye safumanisa ngexesha kweli nqaku, leyo kakhulu iimpawu umyinge lokukhanya ziboniswe kwi into ebizwa ngokuba isivamvo. photon nganye isigxina kunye nobunzima, kwaye xa sidibana ovela iwela kuwo. Quantum kunye electron ibe nye, namandla abo oludityanisiweyo iguqulelwa kumandla entshukumo, leyo, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, kuyimfuneko ukuze kuphunyezwe le isivamvo. Le oscillation wave bayibhalayo kunokwandisa amandla photon, kodwa kuphela ngomlinganiselo othile.

isivamvo namhlanje njengesakhi esibalulekileyo senkqubo yonikezelo iintlobo ezininzi kwezixhobo. Kwi ineziseko zayo isakhiwo iinqanawa isithuba kwaye Hewana, ukuphuhlisa iiseli elanga enokusetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla abangabancedani. Ukongeza, amaza okukhanya kuba nempembelelo enkulu phezu inkqubo yemichiza zebhayoloji on Earth. Ngeendleko kwelanga eziqhelekileyo izityalo eluhlaza, umoya ojikeleze umhlaba ipeyintiweyo mbala ngokupheleleyo emsi, kwaye siyayibona ihlabathi njengoko linjalo.