Okwesithathu eRoma - oku ... Kutheni eMoscow - Rome wesithathu?

nokuba amagama okanye iingcamango zidla amanani zembali ngokushiywa egameni zeqela elilawulayo okanye ideology? Ngokomzekelo, imfundiso a Nietzsche engeyongozi xa superman kaThixo ngaphakathi kwethu. Yena wenza Germany kunye ihlabathi kwimfazwe yehlabathi, kwakunye ingcamango ukulingana - ukuya War of Independence, ikratshi ekundleni gay. Imbali Russian inee- iingqiqo ezifana: ukuba izakuvelisa lonke ixesha xa uhlanga enze ukhetho. Enye yezi mibono - ilivo iRome yesiThathu. Kutheni eMoscow - i Rome Okwesithathu, indlela ukuqonda oko namhlanje, ukuba imonki othobekileyo babecinga ukuba amazwi akhe aya bakholelwa ukuba iinkulungwane? Makhe sithethe ngale kwinqaku lethu.

ukuba kwaqala njani konke: unobumba Philotheus

Kudala, kule minyaka ingamashumi yokuqala kwenkulungwane XVI., Pskov mongameli Filofei wabhala uthotho iileta. Lokuqala - i uphawu lomnqamlezo - ke abhekiswe Grand Prince Vasily, okwesibini - nxamnye Abavumisi - umdikoni, confessor yenene. Yaba ileta wayelumkisa neengozi ixesha: abavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi of nabawexuki kunye muzhelozhtsev. Isibheno irhuluneli akubiza "umgcini kwetrone icawa" yakhe "kukumkani onke amaKristu", amakhowa eMoscow "ubukumkani", owabakhoyo ndawonye onke amazwe zamaKristu, ukwakha apha kwiziko yokomoya Orthodox - "ubukumkani romeyskoy", eRoma. Kwaye kwakhona: "Pali eRoma wokuqala nowesibini; neenqwelwana eyesithathu neyesine akuyi kwenzeka. "

Akwaziwa nokuba Filofei umseki kolu luvo. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, Metropolitan Zosima iileta ingqalelo ingcamango iRome yesiThathu engama-30 phambi kokuba Pskov indela. Ichaza kakuhle eli efanayo Zosima Moscow ebizwa ngokuba 'ezihlangwini waseConstantinople. " Ukuze siqonde oko kuthethwa abasezikhundleni Russian, kuyimfuneko ukuba gxwa ngembali yelo xesha.

Imeko zembali

Ngo-1439 i-uMphathi baseConstantinople waqukumbela neRoma sale Union, ukuqaphela igunya Pope nokulondoloza Orthodox imisitho kuphela. Yaba ixesha nzima Empire yaseByzantium: Ottoman Turks wema emnyango, ukusongela inkululeko yawo. EConstantinople wayethembe ukuba inkxaso evela ookumkani Koloni imfazwe nxamnye bahlaseli, kodwa uncedo abazange bafike.

Ngowe-1453 ikomkhulu yawa, babulawa usolusapho kunye nomlawuli. Yaba ekupheleni Mpuma uBukhosi baseRoma.

Indawo zeCawa Orthodox Russian

Ukuza kuthi ga umlawuli omkhulu Russian icawa yasekuhlaleni kunye nookumkani nako uthambise kuphela ubhishophu - umfundisi kaThixo emhlabeni - kwaye kuphela eConstantinople, le kokufa kwabantu zobukumkani kaKristu. Ngale ndlela, i-Russian ubuxhomekeke ummelwane wayo empumalanga. I-Grand Duke ufune elide isihloko yasebukhosini. Ngowe-1472, Ivan III ngisho ne-Zoe (Nozipho) Palaeologus, intombi umlawuli yaseByzantium ophelileyo. Ngayo, uIvan uyichole njengexhalanga njengomfuziselo kurhulumente omtsha. Ngokusemthethweni, yena banelungelo kumazwe zooyise - ilifa ngumfazi wakhe.

Ukususela ngokombono abefundisi Russian, ubuhlobo ukungcatshwa Church Orthodox, kukho ukunxaxha ukholo lokwenyaniso. Empire kuhlawulelwa kuyo ayehlasela Muslims. Romeyskoe ubukumkani - kukaKristu ngezinto zezindlu zooyise, kwaye nalo ilungelo kasolusapho, waya eseleyo nenqaba kuphela Orthodox - Church Russian. Apha ngoku kumi Rome Okwesithathu - le ubukumkani emhlabeni bukaThixo emhlabeni.

I inqwaba lokuqala nolwesibini

Ngokutsho Philotheus, okokuqala eRoma - The obungunaphakade kwisixeko sakudala, apho satshatyalaliswa kwinkulungwane IX. mbuya emva ukwahlulwa iicawa entshona nasempuma. Latins zibandakanyeke 'qhekeko Apolinarievoy "abathembekanga iminqweno kaKristu. Romeyskoe umbuso wafudukela eConstantinople.

Second eRoma ngokuqinileyo wema kwinkulungwane XVI., Ke ngoko yatshatyalaliswa Ottoman Turks kwi ekuziphindezeleni ewolo ngokomoya. Sekuphelisweni sale Union waqonda njengoko sisiphambusa, i-Grand Duke Russian, kamva uKumkani, ukusuka apho Linda Rus.

Okwesithathu eRoma - Moscow

Nokuba ngamazwi Philotheus yokubala ezopolitiko? Kakade ke, ubukumkani bukaThixo kufuneka unamandla womelele esembindini kunye nempembelelo kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Kodwa hayi ekhathalele imeko yezopolitiko Pskov seal.

Emva kokuba Church Russian kuye ilifa amalungelo labefundisi yaseByzantium, ngayo:

1. Yaba ezimeleyo, i-Metropolitan akazange kuqubuda eConstantinople, wamiselwa abefundisi zasekuhlaleni, kungekhona kumaGrike.
2. umlawuli Russian wakwazi ukutshata umthetheli etroneni kwaye ibango ukhuseleko yakhe.

Ingcamango iRome yesiThathu eyangqinwa umbhali iincwadi zesiprofeto - namabali iTestamente Endala yezikumkani zone zomhlaba kunye eziphilileyo ezine. Lokuqala - i yobuhedeni - batshabalala ngemihla baseYiputa, eAsiriya, naseYurophu endala. Ubukumkani yesibini - Latin (Rome yaMandulo), enyanisweni yamaKristu yokuqala; eyesithathu - Byzantium. Okwesine - umhlaba - kuba ngabokugqibela, njengoko iya kutshabalalisa Kristu ngokwakhe, ndivakalisa ukuba isiphelo sehlabathi.

Imiyalezo ye seal waba uloyiko ngakumbi apocalypse ngaphezu neqhayiya nokuvela Russian Church. Ukuba eMoscow ziya kuwohloka baze kuwa, hayi ubuKristu nje - iya kuba ukuphela uluntu. Ngoko ke umthetheli, owamthambisayo Russian Metropolitan, bekufanele ukuba ukukhusela ukholo lokwenyaniso Muslims amaRoma kunye sisiphambusa, kuquka ubuKatolika.

Indlela ukuthatha ilizwi Philotheus ekuhlaleni?

Mu kuya kwa nshita umbhali ongenathemba, abefundisi Russian ziye zachongwa icala ezintle ingqiqo: iqhayiya nobukhulu. Okwesithathu eRoma - oku umqulu lonke ubuKristu. Ayimangalisi into yokuba ukuya nakwiinguqulelo Nikon likaThixo amabali kumfanekiso zonke iindlela ezixoxa Monakhovo mazwi:

1. Novgorod "I Tale of the cowl ezimhlophe '(1600) uthi ukuba kumaxesha amandulo uKonstantin Veliky wanika Metropolitan uSylvester cap - uphawu anegama yobufundisi. mongameli Russian baphoxeke yaye abazange ukwamkela isipho, kodwa oyidingayo nge Novgorod iye yabuyela eMoscow, apho ngokufanelekileyo wathabatha umbusi entsha.
2. Umzekeliso isithsaba Monomakh: indlela eRashiya abazange zonqulo nezehlabathi bebephethe yobukumkani, abacandayo othanjisiweyo ngokusemthethweni kaThixo - wokuqala Tsar Ivan labangcangcazelisi.

Nangona yokuba yaba lixesha elinzima ubunye kumazwe Russian zibe kwimeko elimanyeneyo Russian, akukho ndawo amaxwebhu asemthethweni, ingqiqo iRome yesiThathu ayivakali. Unako ngokusekelwe kungentla, ukuba ukugqiba ukuba ngcamango ephawulekayo phakathi abefundisi, lowo wasivuna ukuzimela zeCawa, amalungelo ayo. A ixesha elide kakhulu , le ngcamango kungekho eziqaqambise.

ERoma Eyesithathu and Nikon

I Philotheus sound yokuqala yaba ingxwaba nje kuphela amaSilamsi, kodwa silwa qhekeko. Yenye bendiqonda inzululwazi, yaye naziphi na ezintsha. guqula Nikon ukubuyisela ubunye izithethe zonqulo ibe ukunxaxha yesithethe. abaxhasi Nikon waqonda uHabhakuki njengoko Umchasi - irhamncwa lesine, nto leyo eya kutshabalalisa ubukumkani romeyskoy lokugqibela.

Ngokusesikweni izibhalo Philotheus zonke iintsomi imizekeliso, ezo balatha ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwithiyori i Pskov seal umlomo ngenxa yokuba semthethweni lwemithetho amakholwa Old '. Le kwanabo yokuba lo mba kunye naye eSiberia nezigodlo kude. De kube ngoku, abo babebambelele bakholelwa ukuba neRoma Okwesithathu - oku kwicawa endala OT Moscow olukhoyo de abaphila - abameli bakhe lokwenyaniso kuphela.

Kwenzeka ntoni emva koko?

Kwabonakala malunga nomba Rome yesiThathu kunye iCawa undilibele, kunye nabaphetheyo kwezopolitiko. Kodwa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX oko nazalwa ngokutsha. Ngokuphathelele ukumiselwa kwamadoda kweTrone eRashiya nokuba abantu Russian ifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo licebo somanyano, Philotheus iileta zapapashwa. Kwaya ziyafumaneka ingcamango: "Moscow - i Rome Third", eli etshintshe kancinane: nakuphi na ukukhankanywa qhekeko ususwe, eshiya igama kuphela Muslims.

sobulumko Russian Vladimir Ikonnikov yaphakanyiswa ukutolikwa, someleza nokuzigwagwisa ombuso kunye ngcinga Russia: Moscow emva kokuwa waseByzantium wathatha indawo yayo efanelekileyo ubudlelane bezizwe ngezizwe, oko - osindise Christianity nobuntu, ngenxa yokuba i "yesine eRoma na." Le indima yayo yembali, injongo yaso, phezu kwesi sisekelo, oko unelungelo bubukhosi behlabathi.

theory iinguqu Ukulandela

Ukususela mzuzu i Rome Okwesithathu ebizwa naseRussia njengohlobo yindawo uluntu, bebanika isabelo lakhe elikhulu. Ingakumbi ukomeleza ingcamango kwaye bazama Slavophiles panslavinisty. Soloviev, umzekelo, wayekholelwa ukuba iRussia unendima ebalulekileyo lokumanywa East kunye West, onke amaKristu phantsi kwephiko zeCawa Orthodox Russian. Umbhali-mbali Ivan Kirillov wabhala ukuba imfundiso eMoscow njengoko Rome Okwesithathu, oku ingcamango Russian of self-determination lwesizwe, ukuzoyikisela, nto leyo eli lizwe naniswele lonke eli xesha. AmaKristu Orthodox akufuneki kuphela ihlanganise zonke izizwe emaqandeni, kodwa wabetha Ottoman Muslim, ukuba akukho ihlasela kuqala. Ebudeni bemfazwe wenkululeko KwiiBalkans izimvo yathandeka kakhulu phakathi kwabantu.

Ukususela ngoko ke ilizwi ekugqibeleni Philotheus yaba kwezopolitiko, ngaba wagxothwa ukubaluleka yokomoya ecclesial.

Kumaxesha Soviet,

Le lethiyori evakalayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lokusekwa zikarhulumente eSoviet, kodwa kokufika Stalin zaye ngaye, wafunda yemihla namabali. Kuye singqiniwe ukuba ingqiqo romeyskoy yezikumkani enxulumene kuphela izinto zokomoya.

Oku kuyaqondakala. Urhulumente enkulu eSoviet akazange mfuneko ezinye ngcamango, ukongeza uloyiso Communism kulo lonke ihlabathi ukuze lulwe iintlanga ezingabamelwane. Kwaye ke inkolo yavalwa. Tales ye Pskov seal nokuba zasuswa zezifundo.

namhlanje

ESoviet Union iwa, abantu babuyelayo kuThixo waza waqalisa ukujonga ngothsuphe yayo kwimbali indlela Russian. lonke uphando kunye iimpapasho ziye wavuswa Philotheus ukuya Berdyaev kunye Solovyov, echaza isizathu sokuba eMoscow - Rome yesiThathu. Kuzo zonke iincwadi imbali kwingcamango yezopolitiko waya ukuba ukususela kumaxesha mihla wabonisa abantu Russian kwicala lasekunene zophuhliso. Isizwe kwakhona ukuthetha malunga mission Russian kwimbali yehlabathi.

Inkolo namhlanje siyahlukana ebantwini, Noko ke, umntu wokuqala kweli lizwe basoloko ebandleni, laqalisa izifundo kobuOthodoki ezikolweni yaye kwiiyunivesithi, ukumamela uMphathi, ukuthatha izisombululo ozakuzo. njani na ukumangaliswa ukuba ingqikelelo ye-Rome yesiThathu izazinzulu Western kwezopolitiko badla achaze indawo eRussia kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele!

Ngoko Panslavism, Bolshevism, expansionism eSoviet, ingcamango yesizwe Russian, indlela lokwenyaniso, lo msebenzi uyimbali - konke oku ucacisa ingqikelelo iRome lesiThathu, wachaza indela Filofeem kwiminyaka 1523-1524. Enoba umfundisi wayesazi ukuba amazwi akhe uya kufumana isicelo ebanzi? Ukuba uhlola imeko (full of imiyalezo zokurekhoda), kunye nemeko yezembali, siyabona ukuba umbala kwezopolitiko enkulu theory apho. Kuphela zonqulo, YeApocalypse, noyike kokuzimela icawa kunye negunya Russian Church. Noko ke, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane eziliqela igama Philotheus kodwa mercilessly kakubi ngabo babeza kungenelwa unyango ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ziyafikelelwa enye intsingiselo. Kufuneka namhlanje ukuqonda njani i "eMoscow - i Rome Third"? Njengaye wonke umntu kwiimbono zembali, ngamnye kufuneka ngokuzimeleyo isigqibo sokuba ingaba oko kuthathwa imveliso yexesha, okanye ukuchaza ingcamango imeko mihla bemicimbi.