Ngoobani Zyrians: omsebenzi osemqoka, imvelaphi, amaqela eentlanga, kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Russia - umbuso ngeentlanga, nto leyo edityaniswa yinto imimiselo efanayo kunye nembali ngamakhulu eelwimi amaqela eentlanga. Isizathu soku yaba nkqubo phantse rhoqo wokujoyina of imimandla emitsha ngexesha lokuqulunqa nokuphuhlisa karhulumente Russian. Ngaphezu koko, indlela yokungena kwiindawo ezintsha, njengoko ekuso kwiimeko ezininzi lwenzeka ngokuzithandela.

Ngoobani Zyryanov (Komi)? abantu Phantse 300000th abahlala eNtshona eSiberia, Northern naseMpuma Europe. Imfundo yobuhlanga ezahlukeneyo kwiilwimi kunye nenkcubeko yesazisi, amasiko abo kunye nenkcubeko abahlukene. Isizathu Good babebizwa "baseMerika Russian" okanye "amaYuda North."

Ukwahluka kwabantu Russian

Isizwe kunye nezenkcubeko neyantlukwano eRashiya kuzuzwa indibaniselwano ngabantu ekuthiwa zomthonyama (sabantu abahlala kwiindawo ezithile ngaphambi kokufika lamanene), abantu abavela akufuphi Union seeRiphablikhi (Ukraine, Belarusians, Armenia, Lithuanians, njalo njalo. D.) Yaye amaqela amancinane kwamaqela eentlanga, asisininzi lokuphila ngaphandle Russia (Hungarians, Czechs, Vietnamese, yayingamaSerb, Asiriya kunye nabanye). Kakade ke, eli qela kakhulu ezimibalabala inkulu ke abantu yemveli.

Esifutshane Zyryanov: oobani noobani ke?

Yintoni Zyrians? Okunye ngqo ukuba ungubani na? Zyryanov wabiza imfundo yobuhlanga, leyo unanamhla uye wagcina inani eliphantsi kakhulu kwi kwinxalenye yesizwe Russian Federation. Ukuya ku-1917 ukuba olu hlanga wema kwindawo yokuqala phakathi kwabantu bomthonyama karhulumente Russian, imfundo yabo yesibini kuphela kumaYuda, noshishino kunye nenkcubeko zyryan ahluka kakuhle kwezinye izizwe Slavic. Ngelo xesha linye qha nayo ingqalelo Russian, t. E. Abantu zomthonyama Russia. On belingana koko, njengoko sele kubonisiwe, zyryan ebizwa ngokuba 'amaYuda North "okanye" baseMerika Russian ".

Ukwakha kunye nenani kwiintlanga

Ngoobani Zyrians, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukumisela ingqibelelo, ngaphandle kokujonga Inani labo kunye kwindawo zokuhlala. Ezi zinto zinefuthe kakhulu kuphuhliso lwemfundo yobuhlanga ngokubanzi: a abantu ezimbalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ziyafa, kusale nje iphepha kwimbali kunye indawo ohlala kuxhomekeke ubomi yabemi. Oko, ngokutsho Karla Marksa, yena, imisela ezingqondweni, inkcubeko jikelele abantu.

Namhlanje inani elipheleleyo zyryan ngokusondeleyo iintlanga ehlabathini lonke ifikelela malunga 400 lamawaka. Man. Inani kakhulu kubo ngoku bahlala kwiindawo apho Zyrians yokuqala ukuvela, okt. E. In Russia. Iqela elincinane kwezizwe (ngaphezu nje 1,500) ezibhalwe Ukraine.

Ukuba sithethe ngayo amalungu lokuqala lemfundo lobuhlanga, inani zyryan ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kuphuhliso yembali eyaziwa ngokuthembekileyo. Kholwani imithombo ebhaliweyo bamaxesha amandulo, Kakade ke, kunokwenzeka, kodwa uyazi ukuba inkcazelo lobuxoki amaninzi zifumaneka kuzo. Malunga Zyryanov efanayo yaye sekeriweke yemihla kunye namanye amaxwebhu de 1865, xa yapapashwa, "uluhlu oludweliswe ngokwe-alfabhethi abantu abahlala yoBukhosi baseRashiya."

Ngoobani Zyryanov (nokuba ke abantu idla iqela eyahlukileyo uhlanga) kwaye yintoni na inani labo kwezinye iingingqi abantu abahlala eRashiya kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX, oko kubhalwe kwesi mthombo.

Ngokutsho "uluhlu oludweliswe ngokwe-alfabhethi kweentlanga ..." Zyrians baba 120 lamawaka. Man. Bahlala becala abahlala ezincinane Arkhangelsk, Perm kunye Vologda. ). Ummandla zokuhlala zyryan igama yamandulo Arimaspeya (incwadi efanayo igama ebhalwe ngomnye wababhali Greece yamandulo, kodwa lo mthombo zembali, ngelishwa, iye yachitheka ukuba imihla yethu - kungenjalo kusenokwenzeka ukuba uxwebhu ungavula yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yembali zyryan yamandulo ).

Olubanzi abantu ngaphambili Zyrians uyasweleka namhlanje, nkqu kukhunjulwa ethnos phantse akukho naziphi kwacaca ngokwesithethe ukuba imbuyekezo nokunqongophala kolwazi zembali.

Kwamathambo kunye nemfuza abantu

Malunga nelo xesha, xa yapapashwa, "uluhlu oludweliswe ngokwe-alfabhethi kweentlanga ..." kwi "Brockhaus kunye Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary" ichaza imbonakalo abameli iintlanga: Zyrians namhlanje (okuthetha ekupheleni XIX - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX) kwahluka-siseko esomeleleyo. Zi- ukuphakama medium of, ngezininzi iinwele ezimnyama kunye limnyama okanye angwevu. abantu Tall mhlophe amehlo aluhlaza zinqabile phakathi Zyrians kwabantu.

imbonakalo yazo ubonisa ukuba (abameli kwakunye zale mihla uhlanga) zyryan kwahluka impilo entle kunye namandla.

Ngelo xesha linye ingqondo avareji zyryan nokuxubana ngakumbi ingqondo 20-30 grams. Kwazeka oko phambi kokuba revolution, umthombo wenkcazelo - "Brockhaus kunye Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary", epapashwe ngo-1890-1907, ngokulandelelana. Le zyryan nokuhlaliswa ebezisoloko ezininzi izikolo neelayibrari, ngaphezu kwezinye iingingqi North Russian. Kwakhona benza adle ngokufuya, ngokuzingela nokuloba, wokufama. "Kwi Isazela" uphuhliso zyryan lwe eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude. Yaba abo kuthwalelwa phandle uninzi urhwebo phakathi eSiberia eMoscow.

Ubuhlanga zyryan imbali

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ixesha lethu uye imithombo ezimbalwa ukuba ukunika impendulo eneenkcukacha kwi eliqela kwemiba. Ngoobani Zyrians enyanisweni, kwabonakala ukuba imfundo owahlukileyo yobuhlanga kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo imbali - singakwazi unokuthekelela kuphela, libhekisela sibambe amafutshane ezahlukeneyo ebhalwe yembali.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba Zyrians yokuqala omiweyo kweenxweme iVolga (kwi ekudibaneni Oka kunye Kama) kwi-BC ngenkulungwane yesibini. Thile emva kokuba waqala kunikwe bezizwe ngasemntla, yaye ngo-IV-VIII iinkulungwane. n. e. Bona belimiwe mmandla apho inzala yabo bahlala namhlanje. Kamva Zyrians kuqala watshintshela ukusuka emandleni Novgorod phantsi kwamandla eMoscow.

Ngenkulungwane XVIII ukugqibezela nqanaba ukubunjwa yemfundo uhlanga. Qala iBhodi State of Education kuyimfuneko ngexesha USSR, kummandla elizenzekelayo Komi (Zyrian) wasekwa ngo-1926. Ngelo xesha, i-USSR waphila kancinane kwama-200 lamawaka. Abameli Zyrians zabantu. Republic zyryan utshintsho izalwe ezininzi ngokusesikweni kwisithuba ukususela 1926 ukuya 1992. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, inxalenye Russian yommandla phantsi kwegama weRiphabliki Komi.

Culture Komi ubuzwe

kusasazwa phakathi zyryan ukususela kumaxesha amandulo bezandla zokusebenza. Oku enxulumene ukupeyinta, kunye nobugcisa imikrolo ukuba olubalaseleyo lwenkcubeko Zyrian (Komi). iintlobo Common ezimfakamfele bebefudula lazo nezimfakamfele. Uhlanga byi ingqalelo kakhulu zokunyanga zemveli. LweMveli kakhulu efanayo kwinkcubeko yesintu Russian.

Komi-Zyrian ulwimi

Umama ulwimi ubuzwe Zyrians - Komi-Zyryan - bobabo i Finno-Ugric iilwimi kwaye yahlulwe neziyelelane ezininzi. Ngolwimi mihla Russian lweenkobe Komi-Zyrian ebizwa nje 1560 amawaka. Abameli yohlanga, esimalunga nesiqingatha uluntu lulonke Komi-Zyrian.

A Inani elincinane ngabameli imfundo uhlanga limisela ulwimi Komi-Zyrian lweenkobe Ukraine (yesi-4. People) kunye Kazakhstan (1.5 ths.).

Imvelaphi yamagama abantu

Imvelaphi yegama "Zyrians" isekhona ngokuqinisekileyo awucacanga. Kukho imibono eziliqela malunga ngemvelaphi ethnonym:

• ukusuka isenzi Russian "zyrit" okanye "Zira", gama elo elithetha "ukusela ngokugqithiseleyo";
• uguqulelo kakhulu sinengqondo - ukusuka isenzi "zyrny" - "isihlwele ngaphandle", okt Zyrians ngokoqobo ". wagxothwa abanye abantu" .;
• ), т. е. “народ, опивающийся национальным напитком”; ukusuka igama yamandulo yotywala ( "Sur"), oko kukuthi, "abantu, opivayuschiysya ethululwayo lwesizwe" ..;
• obschepermskogo yi "uSara" - indoda (imithombo zembali zibonisa ukuba kanye ababezibiza Zyrians suryane, syryane, njl ...).

Ke ukuba uqikelelo lililo malunga nemvelaphi ethnonym, oku kwakhona kuqinisekiswa yi kukuba Zyryanov ngokuba Komi wesizwe eFinland. Ngolwimi lwabo lo gama lithetha "borderlands" yaye "Perm" - "kwilizwe elikude". Ngqo Komi abahlala kummandla Perm, baqala ukubiza Zyryanov. Namhlanje, izazinzulu nokwabelana Komi-Zyrian kunye Komi-Perm.

Elinomxholo "Komi" imeko kucace ngakumbi. Ithathwa phakathi kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ukuba kukho igama phezu Kama emlanjeni (oko kukuthi, ngokoqobo "umntu ohlala phezu kweenxweme Kama River" ..) Okanye ukusuka prapermskogo "com" - ". Womntu, indoda"

Komi okanye Zyrians: njani?

Gcobisa ibango ukuba Zyrians kunye Komi - le yenye kunye nabantu efanayo. Enyanisweni, le ndlela, kodwa apha unako ukufumana ezinye yempixano ephikisanayo. Zyryanov - le yenye kuphela uhlobo yobuhlanga Komi, kukho kwakhona iintlanga efanayo (Permian, umzekelo).

Kwenye yemicimbi yemihla amaxesha Ancient Rus igama elinye amancinci uhlanga bafudukela bonke abantu abahlala eSiberia. Ethnonym lwendele kangangeenkulungwane kwaye kukho ukudideka. Namhlanje ubulungisa yembali zibuyiselwe kwaye endaweni igama lokuqala igama eliqhelekileyo 'Komi ", kodwa elidluleyo babebizwa Zyrians.

Apho abamele abantu abaphila namhlanje?

Namhlanje, inani le Komi-Zyrian eRashiya ayifiki ifikelela amawaka-200. Man. Zyrians Modern ngokwemveli kuhlala kummandla weRiphabliki Komi. Ukubunjwa nobuhlanga kwiriphabliki ukuba i-23.7% yabantu (65% - Russian), uninzi bahlala kwimimandla yasemaphandleni.

amaqela amancinci beentlanga abahlala Murmansk, laseKirov, eOmsk, Arkhangelsk kunye nezinye iingingqi Russian. Sondela Zyrians ekwakhiweni uhlanga (Komi Permiaks) zicukene kummandla Perm.

Inani beentlanga iyehla ngokukhawuleza phantsi kweemeko zale mihla. Ukuba column uhlanga ngo-2002 "Komi izizwana" kubonisiwe 293 lamawaka. Labemi Russian, ngelixa ngo-2010 mzobo ahambelanayo yaba 228 amawaka abantu. Zyryanov (Komi) angabantu ezisengozini Russia.