Naryn-Kala Fortress, Dagestan, Derbent. Inkcazelo, uhambo, imbali

Naryn-Kala Fortress (Dagestan) olubalaseleyo isixeko Derbent. Le akamsalisela yafakwa kuluhlu njengento ebekekileyo kwimbali nenkcubeko lesikhumbuzo ebalulekileyo yehlabathi UNESCO. Zide ziwe iindonga ezigcinwe, namasango neemboniselo ze zakhiwo yokuzikhusela. Ngaphakathi inqaba imi i amatanki amanzi amadama, imiqathango, ibandla cross-angqukuva kunye Juma Mosque. Le yokugqibela ezimbini tempile yamandulo kwi Russian Federation.

Izazi kusekho ingxoxo-mpikiswano malunga kweminyaka emingaphi apho i Naryn-Kala luqhutywe. Ukwakhiwa yokuqala yale nqaba fanele kwinkulungwane yesithandathu, kwaye lwakutshanje - elinesihlanu. Makhe ukhenketho oku iinqaba yamandulo.

imbali inqaba Naryn-Kala

Derbent sixeko ngaphezu amawaka amahlanu eminyaka. Kukholelwa ukuba kwinqaba iShushan ekuthiwa Naryn-Kala, okt amandla elanga, waqala ukwakha Shah Kavad ngenkulungwane yesithandathu. Unyana wakhe, Khosrow wokuqala Anushirwan, waqhubeka nomsebenzi uyise waza wakha udonga inqaba, idlulela sicatshulwa phakathi eCaucasus kunye noLwandle lweCaspian. Kukholelwa ukuba ubude bayo ngumgama oziikhilomitha mane. Udonga waya elwandle, ngaloo ndlela uvimba umendo bakhona evela entla emanzini nzulu kunye abavikeli kwinqaba iShushan enika zibuko lula. Ke zonke ezi zakhiwo ilungu kwixesha pre-Arabhu zamaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni. Uphando zakudala mihla ndafumanisa ukuba le nqaba Naryn-Kala (Derbent), baba yokuhlala samandulo ngakumbi engqongwe ludonga ngezitena zodaka. Sasikho malunga ebukumkanini Yezdegerd II (iminyaka 438-457) yaye libhekisela ngasekupheleni isiAlbania Sarmatian kunye nexesha Sassanian. Kodwa loo nto bonke. izitena Adobe zabekwa useko ngamatye. Kuyabonakala ukuba, lo wamatye bobabo kweendonga sakulukhusela ka Derbent, ebe ikhona iminyaka eliwaka emihlanu eyadlulayo.

Phi yaye kutheni le Naryn-Kala yakhiwa

KuMbindi Ages ekuqaleni ubukhosi Persian rhoqo abakhuselekanga ukuhlaselwa bakhona-loonothwal kumathafa kwi iVolga Delta. Ngoko, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukuvala ekuthiwa-lweCaspian Gates Dzhalganskogo phakathi loza ye kummango nolwandle. iindonga ukumelana nomsebenzi wamatye robust lalingqingqwa kwaye ziphakamileyo kungenakugqithwa ukuba izixhobo ezo maxesha. Kodwa kamva inqaba Naryn-Kala imelana yamelana. Emva kokuba zonke abavikeli bancedisa sendawo. Macala omathathu kwamathambeka lwentaba, owakhelwe kuyo kumi kwinqaba iShushan, engumnqantsa kakhulu.

Fort, ngokungafaniyo izakhiwo ezidlulileyo enqatyisiweyo, andibanga zokuhlala. Yena umi umgama ukusuka Derbent kwaye kuhlala ngabalindi abagcini esi sicatshulwa elimxinwa. Kodwa enqabeni yaba yokuhlala marzpanov - Iranian kwabalawuli. Ngoko Kungekudala kwabakho yolawulo, kurhwebo kunye nenkcubeko iziko ebalulekileyo.

Akamsalisela enamandla

De kube ngoku, abantu isaqhwithi ubuchule ngoyaba le nqaba. ukuma kwayo ibinyanzeliswa iikhonto ngengingqi. Naryn- Kala inqaba yi wepoligoni mgaqweni, iindonga ulinywa kweemitha ezintathu ubukhulu. Abakhi ezisetyenziselwa ngodaka zamatye neebhloko ngelotha. Ukuphakama ezi ndonga laliziimitha ezilishumi elinambini. Kunye kujikelezo inqaba zezi - kumgama omalunga 20-30 m ukusuka komnye. Ummandla ezinqabeni - hectares ezine ezinesiqingatha. In incam kumzantsi-ntshona inqaba ende isikwere, nto leyo ibhulorho nodonga UDoug imivalo ukuyigubungela "sicatshulwa lweCaspian." Enye inxalenye yawo waya elwandle, kunye nezinye - ezintabeni. Kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ezinqabeni kukho intendelezo ezine. Ukususela ecaleni enqabeni Derbent elimgcinayo lwehla eweni kakhulu yentaba. Sothi iliwa nako kuthatyathwa kuphela xa kukho zokudubula. Kwenzeka ntoni ngo-1796, ebudeni bemfazwe Russian-Persian.

Ukwakhiwa lwangaphakathi inqaba Naryn-Kala

WasePersi wazikhusela imida yomntla iShushan sele ilungiselelwe ukuba angqingo kunokwenzeka elide. Ukuze inkqubo yonikezelo lwamanzi elizenzekelayo amajelo angaphantsi ezenziweyo, ezisuka imithombo entabeni ukuya kwiitanki ilitye ngaphakathi ezinqabeni. Enye yezi iitanki uye waba ... ibandla lamaKristu. Esi sakhiwo cross-angqukuva elimiswe ngenkulungwane yesine okanye eyesihlanu. Kamva isetyenziswe njengendawo itempile lomlilo-abanquli - Zoroastrians. Xa la mazwe lusekiwe Islam, bashiya isakhiwo. It labuya komhlaba yayisetyenziswa njengendawo ichibi yokugcina amanzi. Ngumzali, ngenxa kweli bandla yaye wasinda ukusa kwixesha lethu. Le - ibandla lamaKristu indala kummandla Russia.

Ngu ezikhumbuzo aphakathi zakhiwo ziquka Juma mosque. Kubalulekile kwakhona omdala eRashiya. ekwakhiweni kwawo bobabo kwinkulungwane yesibhozo. Kodwa sakhiwo ngokutsha izihlandlo eziliqela kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo. Kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu phambi kokuba lokukhonzela lakhiwa madrasah. Mna kwinqaba iShushan Naryn-Kala (Derbent), kunye kwibhotwe Shah kaThixo. Kodwa weza kuthi amanxuwa.

Ukwakhiwa ngexesha entsha kummandla Naryn-Kala

Kwainqaba, nalo mzi zange ayeke ukubaluleka kwayo qhinga ekugugeni kumaXesha Aphakathi. Xa enqabeni le khans ka Derbent wahlala. Baphendula Naryn-Kala inqaba esendaweni yakhe. ibhotwe Shah kaThixo ishiywe, kodwa kwinqaba iShushan kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo kwakhiwa entsha Khan Chamber (ebudeni bolawulo Fet-Ali). Ukongeza, i-complex wongezelela izakhiwo zolawulo. Le emhadini (kwendlu entolongweni), isofa Khan (kwaNdlunkulu). lala apha iintsalela mausoleums kubalawuli Derbent kaThixo.

bath siyakhuselwa kwaye Khan (ngenkulungwane XVI-XVII). Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba izakhiwo Russian ziquka i endlwaneni. Ngoku esi sakhiwo igumbi lomboniso vutshila Derbent.

ngabembi

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini inqaba yaqala ukusebenza nge-mbali ukugqiba iminyaka yokwenene Naryn-Kala. Kakade ke, ulwakhiwo kwinqaba iShushan kunye nokwakhiwa waqale imivalo eludongeni UDoug ukuyigubungela Derbent sicatshulwa inxulumene kwinkulungwane yesithandathu. Kodwa ke uphando zakudala ndandise yobudala yeendawo zokuhlala umva iinkulungwane. Kubonakala ukuba nkqu kwinkulungwane yesibhozo zokuhlala enqatyisiweyo khona BC. Le stratigraphy lamanqanaba zenkcubeko ibonisa ukuba kweli imbali enzima. Alternation of ash zibonisa ukuba entlahleni kuye kwabakho umlilo ezininzi. Kodwa ke indawo kwi encotsheni yenduli apho ngoku kumi inqaba Naryn-Kala, zange qongqololo. Ulawulo phezu sicatshulwa phakathi koLwandle lweCaspian neCaucasus ebesoloko ebalulekileyo yamajoni kunye nobudlelwane zorhwebo. Settlement landa yaye yaphuhliswa de Sassanid umthondo.

open-air museum

Ngowe-1989, oko yasekwa Reserve kaRhulumente Historical-Zokwakha. Oku kuquka izithili endala wesixeko Derbent kunye nezintsonkothileyo imyuziyam "kwinqaba iShushan Naryn-Kala." zone Ukhuseleko lugubungela 2044 eehektare. On enjalo indawo enkulu malunga amabini anamanci mahlanu amangcwaba inkcubeko kunye nembali. Oku Izakhiwo zikarhulumente zokuhlala, zamaKristu nooAshera Muslim, zakudala ezinqabileyo atsalwa ukumba. Kodwa hayi kuphela enqabeni umdla kubakhenkethi. Kufuneka uye Old Town. Derbent, ogama igama in Persian lithetha "Loka Isango", bekusoloko ezingenakwahlulwa kunye enqabeni yawo. Ngo-2003, iKomiti UNESCO labhalwa kwi-World Heritage List of lonke kwimbali-bokwakha complex. Kwaye ngo-2013, ngokutsho iziphumo yokuvota lwenziwe phakathi abemi Russia, Derbent inqaba kwenzeka elinesihlanu phakathi amahlandinyuka edume kakhulu futhi lenkundla lwelizwe lethu.

Naryn-Kala: uhambo

Oko kufuneka ubone kubakhenkethi, abo batyelela kwinqaba iShushan ngokwakho? Ukutyhila ngaphezulu Ferris Khan ebhotweni kweyeshumi elinesibhozo. Kwakhona uya kuba umdla ukujonga webhate. Esi sakhiwo kwendlu yahlulwe kumagumbi ezimbini ezinkulu. Ezi ekufuphi nebheyi amagumbi eziliqela encinane nophahla amanqugwala. Worth utyelelo kunye komhlaba entolongweni-emhadini lo. Esi sakhiwo ngeemitha ezilishumi elinanye nzulu enemilo ijagi. iindonga izidanga, musa ukunika amabanjwa akukho ndlela eya ekhwela encotsheni. Eyona nto ndiyithanda gqitha zonke yamasango enqaba elunge zezi Orta-Qala eludongeni esemazantsi. Kufuneka kwakhona babe uqhelene inkqubo yonikezelo lwamanzi enqaba elunge. ilitye siyakhuselwa kwaye tube ceramic. Yaye abantu Derbent nangoku ukufumana amanzi emithonjeni kunye Haibulah Dgiarchi-Bulakh olubangelwa kwimithombo entabeni umsele yamandulo. Kwaye ke, aninako ushiye kwinqaba iShushan, ngaphandle ngokundwendwela i Juma Mosque kunye nebandla mandulo zamaKristu.