Megacities kunye kwindawo enkulu yeedolophu zehlabathi

uluntu Modern, ngenxa yeenkqubo ezininzi kwihlabathi iba ngakumbi zasedolophini ngakumbi. Ngoko ke umbuzo lesifundo kunye nenkcazelo izixeko kunye agglomerations abangaphezu kwama echaphazelekayo. Eli nqaku lichaza kwimimandla yeedolophu ezinkulu ehlabathini, kwakunye inkcazo elithi "agglomeration" sinikwe.

Yintoni agglomeration

Uninzi iintyilalwazi mihla achaza agglomeration njenge xi elikhulu zokuhlala, apho ubukhulu becala ezisezidolophini, yaye kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga kakhulu, kwaye zemfundo ezisemaphandleni ukuba edityaniswe kwenye ngenxa lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko nenkcubeko. Kwindawo enkulu yeedolophu ihlabathi waqala ukubonakala ngenkulungwane ye-omabini, xa ukukhula kwedolophu kwenzeka yonke indawo. Kwinkulungwane xxi ezidolophini kwakhula yaye waqhubeka ngendlela entsha.

Agglomeration unako abunjwe malunga omnye umzi omkhulu , wambiza monocentric. Umzekelo agglomerations ezinjalo New York no Paris. Uhlobo lwesibini ekuthiwa kwindawo polycentric ombhaxa, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kummandla ombhaxa iquka zokuhlala ezinkulu eziliqela, leyo, ngokuzimeleyo omnye komnye, kungundoqo. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi indawo polycentric ombhaxa na kummandla Ruhr eJamani.

Kuba 2005, ehlabathini lonke kwakukho malunga 400 agglomerations, inani labantu ngamnye kubo ngaphaya 2 million. Kwindawo enkulu yeedolophu kwimephu yehlabathi indawo ngokufanelekileyo ngokulinganayo, kodwa xiyimiso mkhulu uyaqapheleka kwezoqoqosho kumazwe kuphuhliswa. Xa ezinkulu kwiindawo ezilishumi ombaxa yehlabathi kukho ngaphezu kwezigidi 230 abantu (okuninzi ngaphezu kwenani labemi Russian Federation).

ETokyo and Yokohama

Kakade ke, lo agglomeration inkulu - ke likomkhulu eJapan, eTokyo. namhlanje wayo labantu seliza kubantu abazizigidi 38, ngaphezu labemi kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu (Switzerland, Poland, le Netherlands kunye nabanye). Agglomeration inikeze polycentric kwaye idibanisa izixeko ezibini kumbindi - Yokohama kunye Tokyo, kwakunye ezininzi zokuhlala ezincinci. indawo Agglomeration yi 13.5 amawaka km ^2.

Iziko le ndawo enkulu ombhaxa ibandakanya iinkalo ezintathu ezidolophini ukuba zibekwe emhlabeni Imperial Palace eTokyo. Ukongeza, umzi isekhona izithili 20 prefectures eziliqela (Gunma, Kanagawa, Ibaraki, njalo njalo). Ubume wonke ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba Omkhulu eTokyo.

London

Okwangoku kukho iingcaciso ezininzi intsimi kubekwe apho kwisixeko London. Phakathi kwabo, Greater London, London kwisiphaluka kwaye nkqu London yeposi okanye yocingo yesithili. Iinzululwazi ngokuqhelekileyo uwahlule kulwakhiwo semida kwiziko ikomkhulu yaseBritani kaThixo yimbali (City), Inner London (13 iibhloko isixeko), engaphandle London (iindawo ezindala ipoma). Zonke ezi zinto zenza ukuba isakhiwo sobummandla kunye labemi, leyo kwindawo enkulu lwenqila ehlabathini.

Imida yolawulo kummandla ombhaxa London lugubungela malunga-11 000 km ² elinabemi abantu malunga 12 million. Kule ndawo ikwaquka ekuthiwa isixeko satellite of London: Bracknell, Harlow, Basildon, Crawley kunye nabanye. Kwaye nje ezo ndawo ezikufutshane dolophu, Essex, Surrey, Kent, Hertfordshire.

Paris

Elulawulweni, umzi ka Paris kuphela lamasebe ngaphakathi kummandla Ile-de-France. Kodwa ke imali iye begoba elide phantsi kwakhe zonke amasebe ezisibhozo, eli candelo lolawulo liyanqunyanyiswa okwangoku. A eParis zasedolophini liziko apho na iimpawu ezifanayo njengoko ezinkulu kwimimandla yeedolophu ihlabathi agglomeration. Ngokukodwa, iParis iye inani elikhulu iidolophu satellite, ukwakhiwa kunye onamathele eyinkunzi kwasekuqaleni nje 1960.

Ukwakhiwa izixeko amatsha ekuthiwa-- ngokukodwa sidalelwe Hewana eParis ngokusesikweni isithsaba enkulu ngowe-1960.

Paris njengoko eyinkunzi French namagxamesi entsha ebizwa ngokuba kunye neefom isithsaba a agglomeration omkhulu, okanye i-Grand Paris. Ummandla zemetropolis yi amawaka 12 ^km2, kwaye abantu - ngaphezulu kwezigidi-13 zabantu. IParis yeyona ndawo inkulu zeenqila kwimephu yehlabathi ka-Europe.

agglomeration Asia

Kutshanje, yezoqoqosho neyenkcubeko yehlabathi liqala ukufumana kwisikhundla Asia. La mazwe Asian nazo ingqalelo kwindawo enkulu lwenqila ehlabathini. Umzekelo ocacileyo ngumzi Mumbai, inani abemi amakhulu abantu abangama-22 ezigidi. Okanye ikomkhulu Philippine ka Manila inabemi 20 yezigidi ne Delhi kunye nabemi 18 million. Ngo-China, i-kummandla ombhaxa akhawunti ye-10% yommandla lonke eli lizwe. Ezi megacities ezifana Shanghai (19 million) kunye Hong Kong (abemi million 15), bayimizekelo emihle iinkqubo ezidolophini eMpuma.

Ngenxa yoko, kwimeko yangoku wobumbano yaye ezidolophini, imizi emikhulu akhule kwaye abe kummandla ombhaxa, nto leyo ihlabathi liya lisiba ngakumbi nangakumbi.