Lwemali - i ... Njengokuba amanqaku ebizwa ngabantu?

Khawuthelekelele ubomi mihla ngaphandle kwemali namhlanje nje akunakwenzeka. Nkqu bangi bangi ubutyebi kufuneka kujongwane nazo. Unako akwavuma iintlawulo ngekhompyutha, musa ukusebenzisa amakhadi ngetyala, kodwa aphile namnye kuthi kusenokwenzeka ukuba aphumelele ngaphandle kwemali yephepha.

Uyaphawula concept

Zazo ezininzi. Elula kunazo kubo igqiba indlela engamaphepha imali, ezenziwe ngephepha kunye yepeyinti. Ngokwemiqathango theory yamandulo lwezoqoqosho, lo mthetho uyilwayo - luhlobo imali mboleko. Bona ekhutshwe yi yibhanki eyongameleyo kwilizwe, nokuthe kwiimeko ezininzi yenye amaziko amandla karhulumente.

Noko ke, umxholo wayo lwezoqoqosho, lo mthetho uyilwayo asinto ntonye ngokupheleleyo imali yephepha. La magama mabini eziliqela umahluko omkhulu.

1. Yamaphepha zikhutshwa kuphela iibhanki, ngoxa imali lephepha kukhutshwa yi-Ofisi kaNondyebo okanye yoMphathiswa wezeMali.
2. Yamaphepha babe igolide okanye amatyala-software exchange. imali Paper, kwiimeko ezininzi ayinikezi.
3. Le hlobo uthunyelwa ukuba ingeniso. Injongo yokumpompoza imali yephepha yokugubungela intsilelo mali.

iintlobo zemali

Hlobo - luhlobo lwe ubukho bemali. Omnye, kodwa hayi nje elinye. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo yaye kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo asebenzise iintlobo zazo ezahlukeneyo.

Imali lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe phezulu-grade kunye ophantsi. Iqela lokuqala luquka abo ngokwabo iindleko zabo real - iindleko zokuvelisa, kwaye ilingana ngokwembonakalo yazo. Kule hlobo kukho imali yorhwebo, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi unaniselwano ekuqaleni ejikeleza bemali kunye nentsimbi iingqekembe, isilivere negolide.

In devalued imali eliyimali udlula kakhulu yokwenene. Ukuba ziquka iphepha ngetyala. Hlobo - le yenye iintlobo wamva.

Imbali ingenzeka engamaphepha

Abolekisa ngemali nayiphi na ukuthenga nokuthengisa impahla kwinkqubo ngetyala. Ekuqaleni le njongo othengayo wayebhala akhawunti igama lomthengisi lowo. Oku lunyanzelo ngokungagungqiyo unetyala ukuba ahlawule umnini wephepha isixa esithile semali, emva kwexesha elithile.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le mithetho isayilwayo ngokwabo babe into kwesivumelwano phakathi unetyala kwaye ogwetyelweyo. iibhanki zorhwebo baye baqalisa ukuba babhale iirisithi zazo olubekwe yi amanqaku promissory. Baba yase kuqala. Ayesebenzisa ukuzithemba evela labarhwebi kuthelekiswa kunye noxanduva benkampani ethile. Oku kuchazwe kakhulu into yokuba iibhanki ngelo xesha amaziko kakhulu zesinyibilikisi.

I yamaphepha kanye yokuqala ukuvela China kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane 8. Baba nephepha cotton. yamaphepha Paper eYurophu wavela eSweden ngo-1661. England waqala kokukhupha amanqaku ngo-1694, Denmark - ngo-1713, France - ngo-1716.

imali Paper e Tsarist Russia

nokukhutshwa engamaphepha kwi ingcamango kwegazi njengoko ebememeza edume yamaphepha e Tsarist Russia kwakusekho ebudeni bolawulo Elizabeth, kwisiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-18. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kuvele achaswe iNdlu yeeNgwevu, ezingenakulinganiswa ukuba kucingelwa ukuba kwisibheno endaweni imali "yokwenene" uya kuhamba ezinye "iphepha". Xa uPetros III kaNondyebo kaRhulumente lalize. Ngenxa yoko, umba imali sele esikhundleni imali metal ejikelezayo yaqalwa ngo May 1762. Noko ke, unyango zange ifunyenwe. Nqanda mdibi, wenyuka itrone uCatherine II apho.

Noko ke, ingcamango yokukhupha imali iphepha sele yaphunyezwa ngo-1769, xa ngenxa yomthetho uKumkanikazi beebhanki ezimbini zasekwa eSt Petersburg eMoscow. Ifunyenwe yasasazwa engamaphepha Russian waba isidima 25, 50, 75 no-100 engange.

engamaphepha USSR

Revolution of 1905 no-1917 baba negalelo kakhulu kule nkqubo wemali lonke elo lizwe. Kwaye njani oku kungenjalo, xa yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo yonke indlela yokuphila lonke ilizwe? Ngelo xesha, kwibhajethi lizwe yaba esingangqinelaniyo ngokupheleleyo: isidima ngurhulumente Russian kwinqanaba lehlabathi iye yavezwa eqhubekayo utshintsho ehlabathini ngokwanelisayo kukarhulumente. Ngaphakathi imeko kwakunjalo, nathi, ilizwe ngokwayo asiyondlela ilungileyo. Yabantu wacinga ukuba, ekugqibeleni, kwafika ilixa zawo zingayiwayo. Afuna ukunqumlela ixesha usuku lomsebenzi olunye, ukwandisa umvuzo, isixa izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo, ukunyanzela urhulumente isibophelelo sokunikeza mveliso ukutya. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente omtsha kwanyanzeleka ukuba usebenzise imali yephepha nje kuphela imali inkcitho omkhulu wamajoni, kodwa njengomthombo kubagubungela intsilelo mali.

ngaphezulu kwe-9.5 bhiliyoni. engange Zakhululwa ejikeleza. Kakade ngawo November 1, 1917 isixa semali iphepha yaba 19.5 bhiliyoni. Thambisani., Xa amandla ukuthengwa engange waba kopecks kancinane ngaphezulu kwama-8. Urhulumente interim kwanyanzeleka ukuba akhuphe yamaphepha emahlelweni ka 250 1000 engange. "Kerensky uthi", njengoko edume ngokuba yamaphepha, ngokusesikweni ngokweemali engange zegolide, enyanisweni, akukho ilungiselelo na. Bahamba lizwe de kube sekupheleni War Civil.

Nokufika amandla yiSoviet kweli lizwe waqala ukwakha of Communism. Kwaye ubukomanisi nemali, njengokuba nisazi - izinto ezimbini awahambisani ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba, urhulumente akakwazi ayisekho nje ngaphandle kwabo. Kwaye urhulumente omtsha ifumene indlela yokuphuma: zalenza "amanqaku design". Kubume bayo, yaba imali efanayo, kodwa "kunye nesosi eyahlukileyo."

ohlaziya wolawulo USSR zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini

Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic, inkqubo yezimali kweli lizwe izinzile, nangona zonke iingxaki. Oku kufikelelwe ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo yekhadi nokusekwa amaxabiso elibekiweyo impahla. Kodwa ukuncitshiswa enamandla ubunzima yorhwebo kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuyilwa elijikeleza isixa esikhulu semali onga. Ukongeza, kule minyaka enzima kwemfazwe, ilizwe lakhukuliswa amanqaku enkohliso. Oku kakhulu nzima inkqubo lokukhula koqoqosho. Ngoko ke, ngo-1947 kwagqitywa ukubamba kubuyiselo emali, nto leyo ikhokelele engange-10 imodeli ubudala kwaneso 1 engange entsha.

Enye kuhlaziyo oluqhutywa apha phakathi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Yilonto xa izikhalazo zafunyanwa, "ambala Khrushchev", okanye "ambala" kanye, njengoko ebememeza yamaphepha ngo-1961. Igama ke efika ubungakanani yakhe encinane, simthelekisa ilingana ilekese. Le mali waqhubeka kwaze '90, yaye yaphela ndawonye lonke eli lizwe, leyo yokuba isimboli, kuquka, baba.

Engamaphepha Modern Russia

An imeko enzima kakhulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso eliphezulu ngo-1991-1993 kwakhokelela yokuba kwagqitywa ukukhulula amanqaku 50 100-imali engange. Kodwa oku kwakhokelela jump ngakumbi kwamaxabiso. Ngokuthe ngcembe, i "engange yeplanga", yamaphepha yayo nayiphi na isampuli babebizwa ngabantu nje, wajika waya iphepha ngengqiqo emitsha yelizwi. amandla awo okuthenga yayisina ngathi rocket.

Reform okwenziwa ngo-1998, ababephethe engange kanye ngamaxesha 1000. Kuye kwenziwa ngakumbi kakuhle xa kuthelekiswa kunye utshintsho ze-40 kunye 60s. Okokuqala, kwakungekho ebekiweyo ecacileyo umiselwe abemi kufuneka zibe nokutshintshanisa akolu imali esandleni. Okwesibini, le mithetho 'omtsha' 'endala' yaye zihamba efanayo kweli lizwe lonke 1998.

Modern Bank of Russia engamaphepha ezi yamaphepha, ziveliswe obuphambili entsimini wokhuseleko ubugcisa babo ngobunyani. Ukuthintela forgeries Central Bank ithe gqolo ukubeka yasasazwa iinguqulelo ezintsha ze iimodeli ezikhoyo, imisebenzi protective leyo luyenyuka amaxesha ngamaxesha.

Namhlanje ejikelezayo ezi yamaphepha emahlelweni ka-10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 no-5000 engange.

US dollar - lwemali umhlaba

I-US dollar sele isaziwa ngezo ndlela ngamazwe intlawulo. Yena ngokuqinileyo phakathi lwemali reserve yehlabathi. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-United States lokugqibela uyekwa umgangatho ngegolide imali yayo. Oku kwenzeka kuphela ngo-1971, ngoxa amazwe aseYurophu enza ngayo kwinkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi amabini, ngexesha Great Depression.

Imisebenzi ye-Central Bank of the United States Federal Reserve System yenza. Ukuba unelungelo lokukhupha engamaphepha kunye nemali Zakhululwa ejikeleza. US dollar ejikelezayo, kukho ixabiso ngegama lika-1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 no 100. Kukho amanqaku 500, 1000, 5000 yaye $ 10 000, kodwa zisetyenziswa kuphela yobalo zangaphakathi Fed kunye kaNondyebo US.

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga yase

Ukubolekisa imali iya emva kweenkulungwane eziliqela. Ngeli xesha, ndiya efunde ezininzi izibakala umdla yaye kuyamangalisa ngokwenene ezinxulumene nemali. Amanqaku kakhulu umdla yehlabathi - ntoni na ke?

Ixabiso ubuso hlobo inkulu yakhutshwa Hungary ngo-1946. inzuzo yayo - a billion billion (okt 1021). Netoti iphela, ngasendleleni, kukho km 1023.

Inkulu amandla bill yokuthengwa na isibheno kwi-UK. Lakhe ixabiso ubuso kwesigidi esi-1. Uneemina. Kwakusazeka ubukho amanqaku ezimbini.

Ihlelo incinane hlobo yaba ejikeleza kwi-USSR. Oku ngetsheki 1 idenariyo, eyayikhutshelwe nguRhulumente Bank for izibalo zangaphakathi.

Hlobo - uhlobo lwe ubukho ngemali, ngaphandle nje awukwazi ayisekho inkqubo yemali mihla. Nangona ukuphuhliswa kweentlawulo ikheshi, bayeka ngokupheleleyo imali iphepha kwixa elizayo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuphumelela thina.