Reserve imali wehlabathi - kuba ... Mingaphi iimali reserve ehlabathini?

Kuyinto ezisitheleyo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, imali sele ukubaluleka obalulekileyo. Kwenzeka ntoni na kuqoqosho Russia inxulumene ngqo hayi kuphela iindleko ioli, imeko Ukraine, kodwa kunye kwiimalike zemali. reserve imali wehlabathi - kukuthi, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ezinye isihlenga, apho abemi Russian thile izizwe ekhuselekileyo. Le imali engange ibisoloko abaqondanga izinzile kakhulu, kodwa wathatha indawo kakuhle nelilifaneleyo kwi kwiimalike zemali. Ngelishwa, ngenxa yokuba lo engange wesizwe yakutshanje uziphatha akwaziwa kakhulu, abaninzi baye bakhethe ukulondoloza imali yabo lwemali reserve ehlabathini. Loluphi uhlobo imali njani nonelungelo ingqalelo ngolo hlobo? Ngapha koko, kwimarike zemali zininzi iiyunithi ezahlukeneyo lwemali ukuba kungathathwa ukuba ithembekile. Indlela reserve imali ehlabathini kwaye kutheni behleliwe njenge uhlobo 'abafuna'?

Yintoni lwemali reserve?

uluntu ishishini Modern phantsi ingqiqo yelizwe reserve ehlabathini uyayiqonda iyunithi emali, nto leyo efunekayo iibhanki kwamanye amazwe ngenxa nokudalwa loovimba ethile imali. Okokuqala, oku kusetyenziswa njengesixhobo urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe. Kwakhona isetyenziswa indima asethi ngamazwe, ukuseka ubudlelwane obuluqilima phakathi kwemali ezimbini phambili. Amaxesha amaninzi lo gama lisetyenziswa ukubhekisela kwiiyunithi imali kwi-akhawunti ebhankini kunye nemibutho ethile. Ngaphambili, ezi zasetyenziselwa lwemali ngokusekelwe zegolide neoli iimarike, yaye ngaloo ndlela ukuqinisekisa ixabiso lezi zibonelelo. Namhlanje zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukuqokelelela neemali zangaphandle, ngokunjalo nokuphucula amathuba okuthumela ngaphandle kwe ukhuphiswano buthathaka imali yayo.

reserve imali wehlabathi - i uhlobo 'kwabadla "xa kuthe kozinzo zemali. Kodwa ekuqaleni kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba imithombo yemali abanjalo abakhonzi njengokuba umnatha wokhuseleko kwimeko lobunzima zemali. Ngoko ke akukho mfihlakalo ukuba buthathaka imali yesizwe, ukuyikhuthaza reserve imali yehlabathi. Yintoni kanye - sihlola.

Zingaphi reserve iimali ehlabathini?

Kudala kwaziwa ukuba lwemali bucala kuba ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na imali. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka nje uzinzo kwezoqoqosho kwilizwe layo, kwakunye nokungabikho revolutions kunye nezinye nezothuso. Kodwa kwanokuba lwemali uzinzile, ekurhwebeni kwihlabathi yaye liphuhlise kwiimalike zemali, oko akuthethi ukuba unalo ubume iyunithi reserve. Ngapha koko, le ubume ukufumana imali kuphela emva kokuba iibhanki zeli zinkqenkqeza phambili kwamanye amazwe niqalise ukusebenzisa kwabo ukhuseleko zabelo zabo. Ngoko kwenzeka ukuba lwemali reserve yehlabathi - iyunithi ngemali, leyo enze umsebenzi-asethi mali. Okwangoku, imali bucala zithathwa imali ngaphezu kwesinye. Okokuqala, oko kukuthi, Kakade, idola yaseMerika (USD) kwaye yaninzi currency European Euro (EUR), yen IsiJapanese (JPY), imina British (GBP), franc Swiss (CHF), kwakunye nabanye abambalwa. Kuyinto la iimali zihlawulelwa ezininzi States.

Reserve Currency Dollar (USD)

I dollar yabuya ngo-1861. Emva koko, ngesicelo Congress zashicilelwa malunga 57 million yamaphepha. Nangona usuku esemthethweni wokuzalwa dollar sisasetyenziswayo kucingelwa ukuba 6 Julayi 1785. Loo mini ke yabhaliswa ngokusemthethweni. Ekukholelwa ukuba dollar - lwemali reserve ehlabathini №1. Enyanisweni, kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo, ngaphezulu kwama-50% yetotali neemali zangaphandle onke amazwe zelimiweyo kuqikelelwa kanye kwiyunithi malini. Kutheni le dollar kovimba lwemali ihlabathi kunye yokuhlala? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, ufuna ukwehla ambalwa imbali.

Xa iziphumo Second World War sele kususwa, kwaye kwacaca ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba athathe amanyathelo ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko, kwi-Congress olandelayo ixabiso olulodwa 1 ounce neoli mali $ 35 savunywayo. Nokuba amazwe eyaziwa i US dollar njengoko zokuhlala abangatshatanga kunye nemali yolondolozo. Njengoko usazi, ebudeni bemfazwe, uqoqosho America iye ubunzima mncinane, yaye oovimba igolide yaseUnited States iye kakhulu. Ukongeza, i-United States, ishishini enamandla. Oku kubangelwe ikakhulu yokuba ukuba kwimarike zorhwebo amazwe badla ufuna ukufumana into imbuyekezo. Oku kuvumela nje kuphela eUnited States khangela ngathi njengenkokeli phezu kwimarike yehlabathi, kodwa kwakhona ukuba someleze ezoqoqosho zeli lizwe liphela. Ayimangalisi into yokuba ngexesha le amazwe kwafuneka ukuba ngokuya benza ukuthunyelwa, kuba esi sicwangciso kuvumela ukuba nomzi igolide lwemali. Ngoko kwenzeka ukuba eUnited States benza ukuthunyelwa imali yabo, wamkela ubume kumazwe amaninzi esitalini, kwaye idola uye kwindawo ephambili yaye liphezulu.

Euro (EUR) njengoko lwemali reserve ehlabathini

Imbali yale imali imvelaphi yayo 1995. Yaba kulo nyaka kwi-EU Madrid wagqiba kwelokuba 'christen "elizayo elinanye lwemali ithi -" euro ". Nangona ukuphuhliswa zeprojekthi imali yaseYurophu kwaqala ngo-1979. Lo mbono wamazwi ngokwenene. Ngapha koko, phambi zonke iinzame ukwenza ezinye uhlobo union karhulumente yaphela nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Kwakunye dollar, euro ngenkxaso kakhulu kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo enika ithuba lokuba imali elikhokelayo ukuyilwa iirhafu exchange. Kodwa ke into yokuba amalungu European Union inkxaso imali, kwaye nefuthe elibi enxulumene nophuhliso spasmodic ezi States. Abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuba kungekudala kakhulu ngenxa yokuba lo omhlaba euro eyakhokelela ekubeni kusekwe inkqubo emali kwihlabathi vuvabyi, dollar impembelelo baya kuba kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye imimandla. Euro kungenzeka ukuba ahlale ngaphakathi kuMbindi Mpuma Yurophu, kwaye dollar ikulawule ngaphakathi Ekumazantsi Nesempuma Asia, kunye Latin America. Kodwa namhlanje, sifika ngokuphepha sinokuthi ezimbini ezona unamandla lwemali reserve yehlabathi.

Japanese Yen (JPY) - indawo yesithathu

Eku sunguleni, yen waseJapan ngomnye koyena lwemali yokuzimela. Kodwa ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo sele ngokuqinisekileyo sehlile kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Kwaye namhlanje, le ikharensi indawo yesithathu kuphela kwiimalike zemali. Yen wadalwa-1871, kodwa ehamba ngaxeshanye kuyo, kwakukho enye imali igolide, isilivere nephepha. Kaloku, lo isihloko ngamazwe beza May 11, 1953, kanye xa International Monetary Fund lwenza ukuhlanganisa zayo ngegolide wokuweyisha 2.5 mlligrams.

Kakade ke, imali yaso kwiimalike zemali namhlanje kukuba kakhulu elingezantsi idola ehamba phambili kunye euro. Kodwa ke oku akuthinteli yen Japanese lokuhlala kwindawo yesithathu phakathi lwemali reserve yehlabathi. Oku kwahlukile ukusuka lwemali kontanga yayo ephezulu ngokwaneleyo clock amatyala ehlabathini lonke. Kwaye nangona kwindawo yayo phakathi kweenkokeli, yen buyafuneka kwiimarike zemali yamazwe ngamazwe.

Global Currency Pound Sterling (GBP)

Phawundi omhle - kakuhle mnene imali ehlabathini. Kungenxa yoko le nto ithatha indawo yesine ngokwemiqathango ekukholoswe ngayo abemi behlabathi lonke. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala elithi "phawundi omhle" wabonakala ngo 1694. Kwaye kwisithuba ukususela 1821 ukuya kowe-1914, kuba le mali kwakujongwa reserve lwemali ephambili kwiimalike zemali. Ngelishwa, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, i-United Kingdom liyafa kakhulu. Wawunika eUnited States ithuba lokuba ube yinkokeli othile, kwaye idola indawo oncomekayo wesikiti.

Nokufika euro kwiimarike zemali luye lwaba nempembelelo enkulu phezu lwemali. Ngapha koko, phambi kokuba kwenziwe isigqibo EU ukwenza lwemali olulodwa yaseYurophu yesizwe, imina wazuza zonke iintlobo amarhe kwi kelelo izinga lotshintshiselwano. Ke ukuba iziphumo ze-zimvo UK lentsholongwane, imina ebeya ujoyine euro 2000. Kurhwebo lwehlabathi phantse-14% luqulathe uneemina. Kwaye oku nemiphumo emihle kakhulu.

CHF zizinze (CHF)

Kuba okokuqala kule mali yaqala ethetha 1850. Ngokwendlela ezibonakala ngayo, le yunithi wokubolekisa elilinganayo franc isiFrentshi. Inzuzo ephambili yale unaniso ukuba phantse esitalini kakhulu ehlabathini. Xa kwimbali ukwehla kule franc oko kwabhalwa izihlandlo nje ezimbalwa. Ngenxa kule isiphathele umgangatho ophezulu ukuthembana phakathi abemi behlabathi.

Ngokwemveli, lo franc Swiss wabhekisela iimali imimandla ephantsi irhafu ngeqanda emali. Ngenxa lwemali bucala, akhuselweyo kwindawo yesine. Kwaye nangona kuphela lwemali ingafuni ukufakwa kwi-EU kunye "Big Ezisixhenxe" lizwe, kunye nesabelo salo phantse aliveli ngentla 0.3%, oko kukuthi, ngenxa uyazinza "obungunaphakade", oko akaze indawo yawo kwiimalike zehlabathi . Nangona ukuqaliswa oononye rhoqo lwemali yaseYurophu kunye unmodified, lo franc Swiss ngakumbi lunciphe.

Le imali engange Russian kunye yuan nje lwemali reserve

Zonke iimali reserve namhlanje wehlabathi wathatha indawo yazo efanelekileyo. Ukuba kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, ngowe-2007, urhulumente Russian Federation lowu ukuba imali engange bakwazi ukungena ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ehlabathini, emva kokuba zonke ngxaki abanamava nto iye yaba yinto yamihla nzima. Yiyo loo nto abahlalutyi abaninzi bagqiba ukuba imali engange kwixesha elizayo akayi kuba nako ukuthatha indawo phakathi lwemali ekhuselekileyo-khaya.

Efanayo, xa umgaqo, akunakuthethwa malunga yuan Chinese. lwemali reserve wehlabathi, njengoko yaziwa, kufuneka sibe "iseti izakhono zobunkokeli." Namhlanje, China wenza konke okusemandleni ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali yayo kazwelonke bya kunye ikhula. Kwaye, ngokwe iingcali eziphambili, oku ke pretty kakuhle. Enyanisweni, ngokutsho data-2014, le mali iye yaba ngomnye 10 ngenkuthalo wasebenza phambili nge 22 "utshaba" kule minyaka mithathu idluleyo. kumsebenzi kwimarike offshore nayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngaba ukuma ngxi, yaye ngoku ekupheleni kukaMatshi 2014, Germany livumile kunye China kwintsebenziswano kwi evulekile, kwakunye ngokubala yuan. Ukongeza, i-Hong Kong Stock Exchange kunye Shanghai wavula indlela lomnqamlezo-urhwebo, ngokuphawulekayo bandisa koovimba begolide eTshayina, kunye neebhanki ngamazwe 40 ziye zenza utyalomali kwiyunithi Chinese malini. Konke oku kukhokelela kukuba kwiminyaka embalwa le yuan iya iqhayiya indawo yinkokeli №1 reserve lwemali ehlabathini.

Sase- 2015

Kunzima ukuqashisela ukuba ziya kuba yintoni na inkqubo lwemali yehlabathi kule minyaka izayo. Ngokunxulumene nengxaki ebangelwa kukwehla elibukhali kwamaxabiso e-oyile, ukucinga ukuba ihlabathi zemali ulindele, kunzima kakhulu. Ruble akuphumelelanga, kodwa namhlanje Russia kunye China wenza konke okusemandleni alo ukunciphisa impembelelo US lwemali kwiimarike zemali ehlabathini. Kwaye akukho nokuba kuvakala buhlungu eUnited States, kodwa yuan, kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba ukuqinisekisa reserve lwemali kwixesha elizayo. Emva sithetha ngalo, hayi kuphela iingcali, kodwa kwakhona idata kwi isifundo yehlabathi zonaniso lwangaphandle kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Yasezulwini kuye kwaba kudala ixabiso layo njenge amandla orhwebo kunye kumazwe eyomeleleyo kuqoqosho yesibini ngobukhulu ehlabathini. Iingcali ezininzi zithi emva kweminyaka eli-10, i-yuan uya kufikelela iinjongo zabo. Ukongeza, China belisenza amanyathelo ndikholose ngayo le nto. Njengoko usazi, reserve imali ehlabathini - lwemali kwamazwe akubanga lula!