Neemali zangaphandle zehlabathi. Yintoni na - igolide lwemali oovimba?

neemali zangaphandle - i neemali zangaphandle negolide eli lizwe. Bona zigcinwa kwi Central Bank. Ezi mali ke ukuba ziyisebenzise amagunya karhulumente. Sebenzisa reserves zokusonjululwa zentengiselwano yorhwebo langaphandle, ukuba ahlawule elo tyala angaphandle kunye zasekhaya lizwe, ngokunjalo iiprojekthi zotyalo-mali.

isidingo ukudala

kwakufuneka Gold kunye lwemali egciniweyo ukuba kugubungela ezingaphezu iintlawulo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo iintlawulo nolwamazwe iirisithi lwabiwo-mali okwethutyana. Ubukhulu zolondolozo ezigcinwe yi-Central Bank of eli lizwe, kuba sisalathisi esibalulekileyo. ixabiso layo olwahlula amandla kukarhulumente ukwenza iintlawulo abasisigxina ezinxulumene izibalo yangaphandle.

Ngamanye amazwi, le neemali zangaphandle - a asethi ulwelo kakhulu zemali. Bephantsi kolawulo maqumrhu karhulumente apho ukuphumeza ulawulo lwemali.

Ezi mali, ukuba kuyimfuneko, kusetyenziswa ukuxhasa intsilelo okukhokelela yohlengahlengiso lwentlawulo.

Iimpawu ekukhuliseni zegolide

Oovimba kubanjelwa Central Bank of eli lizwe, abe neempawu zilandelayo:

- zikazwelonke oovimba amatyala aphezulu, aphakathi izixhobo eziphambili kumgaqo ombuso ekuphumezeni kweentlawulo ngamazwe;

- eTestamente kwisigxina olomeleleyo karhulumente ngokwemigqaliselo yemali;
- ke usisiqinisekiso uzinzo lwemali kazwelonke;
- ukuqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa kakuhle nezibophelelo ngamazwe eli lizwe.

Ukubunjwa neemali zangaphandle

Oovimba ibanjelwe e Central State Bank, yahlulwe yaba ngamaqela amabini-asethi. Eyokuqala kwezi ziquka zegolide, anokuba iingqekembe kunye bullion, kwakunye platinum, isilivere, kunye nedayimani. Ezi asethi zisoloko kunokwenzeka ukuba athengise, okanye ngenye indlela sebenzisa, nto leyo eya kungafezekiswa kweemfanelo zalo ukuba uhlawule ityala lwangaphandle.

neemali zangaphandle zeqela lesibini - oku kuthetha ngohlobo lwemali. ERashiya, iquka euro US dollar. -Asethi iqela lesibini kwilizwe lethu thaca lwemali Japan, kwakunye kwindawo ekhethekileyo kunye namalungelo kwi-IMF.

Ulawulo neemali zangaphandle

Iqulunqwe kwaye iphunyezwe imifuziselo ezintathu zichaze ukuzalana myalelo kunye nokwabiwa kwezibonelelo zoluntu. neemali zangaphandle sele likaNondyebo okanye yoMphathiswa wezeMali kule propati. Ngaloo ndlela Central Bank buyisela imisebenzi kuphela zobugcisa.

Ezinye oovimba zegolide yehlabathi zixhomekeke kwindlela yolawulo ethile, leyo ukhethe kaNondyebo kaRhulumente. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kuthatha indawo UK.

neemali zangaphandle zehlabathi inokuba kwibhanki zeli lizwe. Naye ke umphathi data inventri. Loo model yamkelwa eJamani kunye neFransi. Le iiBhanki ezingoovimba kula mazwe ukulahla egolide exchange angaphandle oovimba nokwenza izigqibo ezizimeleyo kuphuhliso loovimba karhulumente. imodeli Ukuxuba ucwangco kwaye ilifa neemali zangaphandle zithathwe eRashiya, Japan nase-United States.

Iimfuneko zolondolozo karhulumente

Namafa, nto leyo idala ilizwe ngalinye, ukuba i-inshorensi. Ukuba uyakwazi ukukhusela uqoqosho kazwelonke naliphi na ilizwe kwiingozi zoqoqosho kunokwenzeka. Kulo mba, igolide kunye nemali oovimba i Central Bank ukufezekisa iimfuno ezithile. Omnye wabo - nsimbi. Oku kuthetha ukuba unako ukusebenzisa kuzo zonke amashishini kunye namasimi.

oovimba International kufuneka sibe nako ukuqhubela ngokukhawuleza esithubeni.

Naluphi na ukubekwa kwezixa ubonelela ukubuya kwabo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kungenxa yoko le nto umxholo kunye ukuyilwa neemali zangaphandle kufuna iindleko ezithile. Ingeniso evela oovimba yokugcina ye-Central Bank angawamkeli. Noko ke, xa kukho inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo States ugqibe ekubeni wandise ngetyala kwamanye amazwe e umdla.

Impembelelo emali

Nokuba nefuthe neemali zangaphandle kweli lizwe ekukhuleni imali mass ukuphelwa lixabiso? Lo mbuzo usekho zinokuphikiswa. Kukho inkolelo yokuba ukwanda ngezikhuni kunciphisa isixa semali kweli lizwe, inceda ukwehlisa kwamaxabiso. Noko ke, izazinzulu ezininzi akuvumelani kwesi sikhundla. Bathi ukwanda kurhulumente igcina izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso lunyuka nakanjani.

Ukhuseleko reserve yegolide

Ukuqinisekisa kwinqanaba elithile esitokisini zoluntu ikuvumela ukuba enze inani lemisebenzi. Phakathi kwazo kukho ezi zilandelayo:

- lwemali yenkxaso lizwe;
- ulondolozo nentembelo-nkqubo karhulumente;
- ulawulo ngetyala kunye nemali;
- Ukuthintela kukothuka ngexesha lokudodobala ngokunciphisa sesichengeni lwangaphandle nokulondoloza amatyala kweemali lwemali amazwe;
- nokugcina nokurhafiswa lizwe njengelizwe ethembekileyo ibikholosile;
- ukuxhasa indima imali kazwelonke, exhaswa yi-asethi amazwe.

zegolide Russian kunye noovimba lwemali

Oovimba ye-Central Bank of ilizwe ukusekwa iinxalenye ezimbini. Enye yazo kwengeniso kwemfuneko ezifunyenwe yi-mali federal. Kungenxa yazo ngo-2004 ukusekwa sinjalo Fund ye-Russian Federation. Intsika yesibini zolondolozo ngamazwe, nelawulwa yi-Bank of Russia. Le ndlela, ngendlela yelizwe langaphandle, kufuneka imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo kunye ukubunjwa imithombo. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha lotyalo-mali lwabo kuqoqosho lweli lizwe kokuba kubhekwe.

Russian igolide lwemali oovimba, ngathi 11.22.2013, yaba ku 505,9 billion US zeerandi. isabelo sawo esisiseko iwela euro dollar (90%). Nine ekhulwini - igolide.

oovimba RF Gold ubukhulu becala wase US (kwama-64%). ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kuphela ekhulwini kwisakhiwo loovimba eyabelwe Euro. La manani zibonisa imisebenzi dollar ogxile kumazwe-import labavelsii Russian.

Kukho umkhwa ekwandeni asethi amazwe ezigcinwe koovimba Central Bank. Ukomelezwa imarike stock Russian. Kulo mba, masiqhubekele liyancipha isabelo loovimba zegolide malini. Oku kungenxa kukuwa ukuthembeka mali. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso zegolide kuye kwasilela emva kwamaxabiso. Ukongeza, i-asethi ayikho ulwelo. Akunakwenzeka ngexesha elifutshane ukuhlawula ngemali. Ukongeza, igolide engazisi nayiphi na ingeniso ye-Central Bank. Kulo mxholo kuba shift ecacileyo ngokuthanda asethi imali yelinye ilizwe.

izinto ezifanayo ziye zaphawulwa kwamanye amazwe. Le iiBhanki ezingoovimba ye nolo lwamazwe (eNetherlands, Belgium, Australia, kunye nabanye.) Ngaba sele iqalile intengiso zegolide koovimba yayo.

US begolide nemali lwemali

oovimba american ziquka yonke imali ukuba ejikelezayo. Ngaphandle kuthathelwa ingqalelo indlela ezihleli abasemagunyeni nasemagumbini imali. Ukongeza, igolide kunye noninzi US ziquka iibhanki zezimali zorhwebo agcinwe kwi-akhawunti yolondolozo kwiibhanki zoluntu '.

Xa kubalwa i dollar itulo eyandisiweyo Uvula kwi kwisiseko emali, equka urhulumente ityala, kokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwabo izibophelelo, aphezu balance sheet le-Federal Reserve System. Xa kubalwa esi salathisi kwi akhawunti ixabiso nezibophelelo ngamazwe kunye nempahla nabasemagunyeni eli lizwe.

zolondolozo US International (uhlalutyo data) ekhulwini elinesihlanu kuphela ukunika unikezelo imali. Ukuba abo umnini izibambiso karhulumente isigqibo ukuba ndizibuyisele ngenxa yokungathembani le dollar, ixabiso ukhuseleko lemali yaba pesenti ezintathu kuphela.

I-US uhlala inkulu ngurhulumente-mvume yehlabathi zegolide, nangona ukuba esele Okwangoku isixa metal elixabisekileyo phantse kathathu ngaphantsi eliphezulu post-imfazwe. Ngelo xesha, ubukhulu loovimba zizonke Central Bank of Europe kunye onke amazwe aseYurophu ingaphezulu ishumi lamawaka iitoni zegolide, eliphezu lo mlinganiselo US.

Zezoqoqosho lacazulula data kwi umlinganiselo koovimba zegolide egcinwe yi-lizwe, kwaye ixabiso ityala layo yoluntu. Kulo mba, indawo engcono Switzerland, kwaye United States - ezimbi.

Ukuze abe ngowokuqala phakathi kwamazwe ehlabathini ngokwemigaqo zokwanda koovimba begolide eUnited States wavumela indawo kunye neznye iimpawu zabo eendawo. Kuphela phakathi kwiminyaka yokuqala ezintlanu ebizwa ngokuba "kwegolide" eyadalwa malunga amathathu, anamanci asixhenxe kweetoni ze-metal anqabileyo. Oku kucacisa umyinge ophezulu ngegolide njengenxalenye reserve karhulumente kweli lizwe. Okwangoku simi malunga asixhenxe anesine nesiqingatha ekhulwini. Ngokwemiqathango ubunzima iitoni 8133,5.

Kwakhona zendalo yogcino yehlabathi igolide inkulu yakhiwe eUnited States. umniniyo i Federal Reserve Bank. Into yokuba ihlelo kwindawo euro ngaphezulu metal etyheli, sicacisiwe ngokufumana kwi kummandla we-International Monetary Fund. Noko ke, oovimba zegolide eYurophu zilawulwa yi-United States Congress. Nditsho isigqibo sokuba uthengise metal elixabisekileyo kufuneka isicelo resolution US.