Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird: ukusebenza flight

Lockheed SR-71 - enye iinqwelomoya hlola idumileyo kwaye ngaxeshanye omnye kakhulu ezingaziwayo. "Blackbird" yi ngumqondo bodumo moya umyili Clarence Johnson, intloko wophuhliso mbono yeSebe (ADP) inkampani Lockheed. Yenzelwe kwi 50 ubudala, "Blackbird" kwaye namhlanje ukhangela lwekamva, yaye oku nakubeni oko idaliwe ngoncedo lweekhompyutha-high speed, njengoko kwibhodi umzobo oluqhelekileyo.

design

SR-71 Blackbird wakha phezu "tailless" kunye iphiko elingunxantathu-isiqu ezimbini nomsila. Uyilo zesithethe - kunye stringers, izakhelo kwaye ndixinezelekile ulusu. Ngenyameko "wawakhotha" iifom kuphela yokubhabha. "Moya banyebeleza", okudalwe iteknoloji banyebeleza kucingelwa ukuba kokusungulwa elishumi edlulileyo, kodwa bugcisa becala "Blackbird" ivakaliswa kuyilo. imisele ajikelezayo kunye imiphezulu ukusukelwa egudileyo ukwenza moya ngaphantsi esekuhleni kwi-radar.

Strategic hlola supersonic uye phantse akukho iindawo flat. Imeko engalawulwa ngulo mthetho - a keels enkulu kangangoko, kodwa ke ibheke ngaphakathi, nto leyo kunciphisa indawo yazo ukusasaza ngempumelelo. Ngaphezu koko, xa isakhiwo ekupheleni ngaphambili yaye ihamba isicelo izinto radio-ukufunxa ngokohlobo ifaka ezingoonxantathu izakhiwo zeplastiki zeselula. Olu hlobo amaza ezifakelwa erediyo iboniswe ngaphakathi unxantathu ukugqibezela eziphango. On top of ukusebenza oonomathotholo bayasigqwetha uphawu kubonakala ukusuka moya, enkqonkqoza udidekile abanini yerada yokuzikhusela.

moya elide e supersonic ngesantya, lo moya ufakwa kubushushu enzima kuyoluka. Ngako oko, ukwakhiwa "Blackbird" phantse 93% siquka "Beta-B 120 'ubushushu-enganyangekiyo kakhulu kunye namandla titanium ingxubevange.

fuselage

Sisazi ukuba isantya iiphaneli etikweni ulusu lokoluka anencasa aludumbanga ngokutshisa, ezi zinto yenziwa yenyuka. vee Longitudinal enze kuphela iimbambo ukomeleza kodwa kwandisa indawo ukusasaza ubushushu, phantse ngaphandle ukwandisa side.

Abaninzi mihla American iipleyini zemfazwe kufuneka maqhuqhuva kwi engcanjini iphiko, kodwa "Blackbird" abahlala kuyo yonke ubude fuselage, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba icandelo yalo ngeenxa zonke iba phantse nekalikedo-ezimile. La maqhuqhuva zidlala indima mbini: ukwenza i enkulu kakhulu ilifti, okuyinto kunciphisa ngesiqingatha mzuzu ukugoba phezu fuselage elide, kwaye bakhonza ukuze kuhlaliswe amafutha kunye nezixhobo. Ngaphezu koko, baye basebenza yokubhabha, ukunciphisa side.

Eli qela ibekwe abekwe akwimiganyana "ngokubambisana" kunye ezingontsini ngamnye, lokuvula umva izibane. Injengokubengezela models zezinye iinqwelo Lockheed SR-71 senziwe zeglasi ezizodwa, ezinzima engangenwa ultraviolet radiation ngokugabadelayo. Apholile zilwa-conditioner, yalila ephaphazela isuti xi.

iphiko

Iphiko uba twist of consoles yangaphandle, kunciphisa amathuba beguqa yaye esenza uqulukubhede kuyo. Likhupheni imodeli etoneleni ngumoya yabonisa ukuba imfuneko beziya okanye abasuke akukho - wing enkulu kokufika kudala umoya umqamelo enamandla, ngokubonelela kwendiza ethambileyo kakhulu, phantse ngaphandle songenelelo umqhubi. Luphawu bebekwe nacelle ngenyameko mpuluswa kwaye nalo ngaphandle isiphambuka kunye ngohlangothi phambili iphiko unokukhawuleza appreciable.

nomsila

Umsila nkqo wenza tselnopovorotnym. Ezi keels amaxesha 2.5 ngempumelelo ngaphezulu kwe imiphezulu ulawulo eqhelekileyo yaye zifuna engile aphambuke ezincinane, leyo kunciphisa ukuxhathisa. amaphiko aphambuke obukhulu "Blackbird" engile ngesantya ukuya Ahisamaki 0.5 yi-20 °, ngesantya ephakamileyo ngokuzenzekelayo zancitshiswa °-10. Keely abayithobanga ngaphakathi nge-15 °, nto leyo iba nefuthe entle uzinzo kunye controllability. Umzekelo, SR-71 moya supersonic akoyiki ngenxa yeyantlukwano ebhudla ukuya kwi-18 m / s. Emphethweni uyamlandela ye iphiko nekuhlala ngokupheleleyo ailerons ezidibeneyo bekwilift.

motor

"Blackbird" sinomhlobo ezimbini injini enamandla kakhulu TRD Pratt & Whitney JT11D-20b (enye ingcaciso - J58) nomxholo 144,56 KN. Kubo uluhlu omkhulu imfihlelo "Blackbird": 3 ngesantya of Mach Motors Tyhila ncakasana co-zangoku: 58% torque unika i-air eyanele, 25% - kwaye esatsiba yi-17% kuphela - injini elililo. nemifula Air-moya "intaka black" enzelwa ukwenzela ukunika yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-saliphosa iyonke. Cone wenza adjustable ukuba ukubamba okubulala emoyeni otyiwa.

Ukwakha injini J58, iingcali kwi Pratt & Whitney wadibana nobunzima kakhulu: iqondo lobushushu lomoya owongozelelweyo zafikelela 380 ° C, kwi injector amafutha - 160 ° C, kwi afterburner - 280 ° C, neoli injini - 485 ° C. Ngoko ke ukwakha J58, ngaphandle titanium, baye bafumana isicelo ingakumbi nickel superalloys Hastelloy-X kunye uRene-41. Ngenxa kule thermal iinjini Ulawulo xi qho kwiiyure ezingama-200 zokusebenza baba disassembly epheleleyo kunye nokuhlola.

chassis

Chassis "Blackbird" ibhayisikile enamavili kunye kwevili impumlo. inkxaso ngeempumlo namavili amabini selithe phambili, engundoqo - kweli ziko. Chassis ucocwe nangoko emva kokushiya emhlabeni, ekubeni Lockheed SR-71 ngokukhawuleza ibalekisa ukuba ubuninzi ngesantya kuvumelekile flight gear ezisemhlabeni (555 km / h). inkxaso Key kufuneka amavili amathathu kwi-asi enye ukunciphisa uxinzelelo emhlabeni yaye kwangaxeshanye ukugcina umthamo yangaphakathi fuselage.

Amavili azenziwanga irabha, ibe material ekhethekileyo ubushushu-ukumelana, yaye ukwenzela ukugcina njalo kuzo zonke iindlela moya, kwaye bazaliswa ngumoya ukuthintela igcwala ne-nitrogen. Zinelungelo njengabaxovuli anencasa zagutyungelwa ngepeyinti yesilivere ukunciphisa ubushushu. Wells chassis engqongwe kwamatanki fuel - izenzo kwamafutha njengesipholisi.

inkqubo unyathela

moya kwesimo uyayinikwa omnye elekhtrons iparashute sangqa-12 m, iveliswayo ngokusebenzisa mgawuli ngoko nangoko emva touchdown Velocity kwi 280-330 km / h. Iparashute yenziwe ngezinto ezizodwa ubushushu-ukumelana nenethi wenza ukuba kuthatyathwa intloko Velocity. It zazihlutshwa off ngoxa kuncitshiswa isantya moya ku-110 km / h kuyo na sididekile keels ifoni.

izixhobo

US Air Force isebenzisa iinkqubo eziphambili kunye nolawulo telemetry. "Blackbird" inkqubo channel ezisibhozo-inesixhobo ukomelela (STCs), ukubuyekeza 'eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi' kozinzo-moya (leyo ibangelwa zokufudumeza olungalinganiyo ibhabha ingami). Le nkqubo isebenza kuzo zonke zontathu namazembe izihlandlo ezithathu elintsonkothe ngayo.

Ngesantya ka Mach 3, kunye zemithi yokujika amanyathelo phezulu ngamandla kakhulu kungakhokelela utshintsho esikhawulezileyo isikhundla lo moya kaThixo space, nto leyo enokukhokelela kwintshabalalo yayo. Kwelinye icala, xa ukuphakama, apho SR-71 Blackbird, loxinano umoya kuba ngaphantsi kwe-2% of mninzi kwayo kwinqanaba elwandle, efuna yokujika aphambuke enkulu.

SPU yasekwa ngu Honeywell yaye wayengomnye inokuthenjwa kulo lonke moya: MTBF malunga 130 000 iiyure. Ukuba le nkqubo nangoku yaphulwe, kunzima ukulawula moya ingami, kodwa kunokwenzeka.

inkampani Honeywell iye kwakhona liphuhlise ikhompyutha nokuhlawulwa data moya, yenza izilungiso ubugqwetha evela kwi ibhabha ngesantya supersonic. Ngenxa zezulu uxinzelelo ezimbi strong ngokugabadelayo izixhobo eziqhelekileyo kunye igalelo netyhubhu iHDPE baba elala neli ivuke neliya. Ixabiso ngqo ngesantya nkqo, ezinobude kunye nesantya inani Mach ukuboniswa kwikhompyutha ukuze umboniso yedijithali ezintathu-moya.

inkqubo fuel

Le zokubasa moya enamandla kwaye elide Lockheed SR-71 ngo ingami-moya efunekayo uphuhliso zokuthambisa ezintsha, sealants, slurries, izixhobo ubushushu kunye ezifana. D. Ngoko, zamafutha asetyenziswe kwi "Blackbird" brand JP-7, kukho ubushushu omkhulu onje ukuqhambuka ukuba umlilo reagent wakhe okhethekileyo - triethylborane (uTebhaliya). Ngenxa yale nto isetyenziswa njengesipholisi uzipholisa endlwaneni enqanaweni kunye kakhulu uvakalelo nobushushu nodes, xa isisu semoto ethile. Kodwa njengoko imveliso amafutha yaqala zokufudumeza ngokungalinganiyo fuselage, ebangela deformation of ehle yayo.

Xa itanki okhethekileyo moya kukho isitokhwe triethylborane ukuqalisa injini emoyeni ze ukhanyise afterburner. intelligence Strategic ngaphandle iitanki amafutha emithandathu eziqulathe iilitha 46.000 zamafutha. Kwamatanki ebalulekileyo ezindongeni ephezulu nesezantsi kwiimo nesingxobo, yaye ngenxa yokwanda kunye yindibanisela airframe yenkqubo ngexesha ubilisa kunye ukupholisa, ukuba ukuzivula. Emva zonke iiyure ezingama-200 wasaba, kwatywinwa kodwa imigqomo ugeleza ngaphantsi emi phezu yokupaka moya yande yonke amachibi amafutha. Ekubeni JP-7, amafutha non-eguquguqukayo, kakhulu akukho ingozi yomlilo, kodwa ingami eludongeni kwitanki flight ebushushwini ku 280 ° C, ukuze nkqu-JP-7 amafutha ukusuka yayo ephezulu flashpoint unganikeza dubulo. Ngoko, kwi kwiitanki moya ezaliswe initrogen.

iimpawu technical

Model SR-71 iye iinkcukacha zilandelayo:

• Ubude - 32.7 m.
• Evulekile: 16.9 m.
• Height - 5.6 m.
• Thatha-off ubunzima - ukuya kwiitoni 78.
• Flight lomqolo - 4800-5200 km.
• Ubuninzi Isantya - 2125 km / h kwintaba ephakame 9000 m kunye 3220 km / h kwintaba ephakame kweemitha 24,000.

izikhali

Kwezi iinketho amathathu, "Blackbird" yamkelwa kuphela jet supersonic interceptor YF-12A. Kwakugcwele imijukujelwa ezine "umoya-to-moya» Hughes Gar-9 (AIM-47A) Super-Falcon, wayenga ndizijolise usebenzisa i-radar AN / ASG-18A. Kwesimo embodiments iingalo aba nangona necaciswe ukhetho ufakelo 71 SR-kunye isikhongozeli ezilahlwayo enyukliya, ngendlela bomber Convair B-58 Hustlen.

engasoze

Moya Aviation leentambula lidlala indima ebalulekileyo qhinga imfazwe mihla. Nangona obanelisayo Hewana umkhondo iqela kwamagunya emikhulu, eyama kubalulekile nangoku ngexesha sokuhlola koxolo. Mhlawumbi lo moya edume sokuhlola Blackbird.

Ukuba zonke "iindawo ezinochuku" zehlabathi, SR-71 elingazange wawisa phantsi. Ngowe-1972 wacaphula amazwi wayesakuba Air Force bathe owayesebenza kwi-Arhente yoKhuseleko kaZwelonke kwenqaba kwijenali yomkhosi: "Dubula phantsi SR-71 akwenzeki." Phoyisa ezicatshulweyo iimeko apho Chinese ebefuna ukuyenza, kodwa bandisa interceptor "mig-21" wavusa alarm uyazibuza kuphela apho ummangalelwa ngumphunga. Ngokutsho kuye: "Blackbird" yaye yabhabha phezu kwintsimi eSoviet, kwaye NSA kwisitishi ukuphulaphula ngaphaya kwemida USSR kwabhalwa indlela zezulu wokhuselo eSoviet. Ngaphezu koko, phoyisa owayesakuba wathi US elektroniki-intelligence ubuchule wabavumela ukuba ukulandela ukusabela phantse yonke moya eSoviet emkhosini, nkqu ukuba ngubani ngoku ulingelo kumatshini ethile. Kwaye kule writ enkulu "Amashumi asixhenxe ananye."

Bangaphezu kwama-70 iinqwelomoya American yabhabha phezu North Korea, China, Cuba, kunye kwimida USSR. Kulo mzekelo, kwakukho iintlanganiso kunye isantya ngexesha interceptor eSoviet - MIG-25P, yaye beza kuye esiphelweni, ngokutsho baseMerika, azikho kwicala le yokugqibela. Kwakhona kwaba ngaphandle kwempumelelo ukufumana i "undwendwe" abukho ngexesha le mijukujelwa anti-moya yakutshanje.

Lockheed A-12

Igama "Blackbird" ngokufuthi ezinxulumene intlola ngobuchule SR-71. Noko ke, emva lo gama ezinye imoto ngaphantsi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezimbini: A-12 kunye YF-12A.

Ibali ezi izihionipho kakhulu ukwazi. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba US amandla womoya moya kufuneka kucalulo ecacileyo. Ufinyezo YF kwakuthetha udidi fighter, enyanisweni, YF-12A yaba umlweli zovavanyo. Ileta A (ukuhlasela) ezabiweyo Isiphango, kodwa A-12 ngokucacileyo efanayo uhlaselo. Oku kwenzelwa ukuba ukudida ingqondo eSoviet emva kwihlazo ngamazwe grand shot phantsi phezu Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), i US hlola moya. Ke uMongameli Eisenhower wathembisa Khrushchev ukuba ukusebenzisa moya kwesimo esibhakabhakeni phezu eSoviet Union, kodwa iprojekthi Lockheed nje kwanikelwa ingqalelo kule misebenzi. Ngokusemthethweni, yena njengento "civil", njengoko CIA babephuma - nhlangano emkhosini.

Ngu January 1962 A-12 kwase ilungele uvavanyo. Emva moya yokuqala kwenzeka ukuba eninzi iziphene kwisakhiwo. Ingakumbi powerplant sinale ifuna nemifula ukuphuculwa elide kukhathaza. Ngaphandle koku, i-A-12 laphehlelelwa thotho - CIA ifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo-high speed kwesimo endaweni siyishiye U-2. 14 iisampulu zaye zaveliswa.

Iimpawu design

Lockheed A-12 Yaqhubeka eyona zovavanyo - kwadingeka iimpazamo ezininzi okunokuthi lupheliswe kuphela nokugqibezela uyilo. Mhlawumbi omkhulu phakathi kwabo - umthwalo enkulu phezu ebilingwa, leyo, ukongeza ukusebenza-moya, nto leyo ibingelilo umsebenzi olula, kwafuneka anyamezele razvedapparaturoy ezininzi.

iimpawu zangaphandle A-12 kwavezwa ngamandla impumlo elintlangothi ngqo inxalenye ngaphambili SAGs fuselage kunye nesiphelo nelifutshane yokugqibela. Umahluko ukususela iinguqulelo koko "Blackbird 'yayikukuba yaba enye. Kuba moya kwaba razvedoborudovaniya gumbi (a ebizwa ngokuba yi-Q-gumbi), izixhobo kwesimo ezigcinwe kwi fade le fuselage. Ngaphandle ezinqabileyo, i-A-12 wahlala phantse ngokupheleleyo unpainted - ezintsundu nje isaphetha kunye moya, iphiko kwincam kunye kwecone isibalo moya.

YF-12A interceptor

Nguye onilwelayo lom "Blackbird" usapho. Umahluko omkhulu ukusuka iinqwelomoya hlola:

• On the YF-12A imvelaphi inyuselwa khona ulawulo umlilo imifuziselo radar Hughes AN / ASG-18A kunye nenkqubo IR udibaniso search and tracking iithagethi.
• Kwezikhali - amagalelo ezine AIM-47A (GAR-9) Super-Ukhozi ". Air-to-moya"
• Kuba moya kunokuba Q-gumbi, lethu yesibini, apho umsebenzisi ubekwe iingalo.

Ngowe-1964, i-umyili Klerens Dzhonson Kolliera inikezelwe "ngempumelelo ebalaseleyo kwi Aeronautics US". Xa intshumayelo moya Lockheed YF-12A zaye zimelwe, laba mnyama. Ngenxa yoko, mhlawumbi, kwaye baya igama labo sikweni - "Black Bird".

End of ebikhona

Ngu yee- yokuqala oomatshini kunikwa zibonelelo zini wayesele phezu sekuqengqeleke, kwaye bendibalondolozele zikwimeko flying iye yingxaki kakhulu. Ingakumbi isikhundla nzima kunye iinjini: I-TRD J-58 Waziqhiwula yena emarikeni gqira kade, kwaye nangona zonke iiyure ezingama-200 iinjini zomsebenzi disassembly epheleleyo kunye nokuhlolwa, yaye emva kweeyure 600 - ukungcitywa, ngokwemvelo, ziguge. abaza kuzisebenzisa ukuze kwaba nzima kakhulu.

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1988, i-US Air Force UMphathiswa Edvard Oldridzh ingxelo ukuba iindleko zokugcina izithuthi SR-71 ilingana neendleko ezenzelwe ulondolozo amaphiko amabini moya mbono. Ngexesha inani iimoto ukusetyenziswa yancitshiswa ngesiqingatha - ukusuka kwi-12 ukuya ku-6 Ngowe-1989, kwagqitywa ekubeni ukususa loo moya kwesimo SR-71 kunye nezixhobo. 1990 Xa komnyaka, i "asixhenxe ananye 'limisiwe. yaphambana Flight Test Centre, NASA Dryden zaye kuwo iilabhoratri eziphaphazelayo ukuba ukufunda yokubhabha supersonic. Kwezo macala ubuncinane ezintandathu ilondolozwe kwaye kuthiwa, ukuba kuyimfuneko, kwimeko luphaphazela.