Le lori lokuqala Arctic kwimbali

Lo nyaka uphawula iminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu ukuya imini, xa emkhosini baqala ukungena Murmansk imithwalo zinikelwe yi Melika kunye Britain ukuba alwe utshaba eqhelekileyo - Nazi Germany. kunikezelo lwalo lungumngeni kakhulu, kodwa kwakufuneka kakubi ungqameko, kwaye ekuqaleni kwalo wabeka lori yokuqala Arctic, wehla embalini phantsi kwegama "Dervish".

Kwakhona babefuna amava eminyaka

convoys Arctic kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II yaba nokuqhubekeka ngokwesithethe, leyo iqalwa baseSpeyin ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI. Ngaloo maxesha eladlulayo, bona convoyed galleons ihanjiswa ngaphesheya Atlantic iitoni yegolide nesilivere, ezibiweyo eMzantsi Merika. Njengoko ukulandela nge umthwalo onjalo yaba iinqanawa ezinobungozi kakhulu babehlanganisene kwiindlela Havana, kwaye sele phantsi nomhlehlo imipu iSpanish, Wahamba wanqumla babeziindleko zihlaselwe iipirate IsiNgesi.

Ke ngoko, xa ngoJulayi 1941, eMoscow London ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano malunga nezenzo mutual ekulweni eJamani Churchill wathembisa uncedo Stalin xa konke okusemandleni akhe, amaBritane wakhumbula ukuba ndlela, apho kwiminyaka emine edlulileyo, abathwali ulwandle waziphendulela yi bakhaya silwe.

Oku kwaba luncedo kakhulu, kuba kwiiveki nje ezimbini eSoviet Union utyikitye isivumelwano kunye United States kubonelelo zomkhosi, i-Congress eyavuma phantsi igama Izibophelelo Faka-nkqubo karhulumente yomkhosi encedisayo yonikezelo emthethweni, izixhobo, ukutya namayeza, owaziwa kwimbali. Kulo mba, kwavela umbuzo ngokupheleleyo - ukubahlangula imithwalo sibeth` kumazibuko Soviet.

Iindlela zokusombulula le ngxaki

Kukho izisombululo ezithathu kule ngxaki. Enye indlela kwaba ngenxa iPasifiki, kodwa ngenxa yazo zonke Soviet Far Eastern izibuko Vladivostok kunxibelelene kuphela ngololiwe kunye neendawo yangaphambili-line. abangani bakhe Zase rhoqo balibeka iinqanawa, yaye, nangona into yokuba kaloliwe Trans-eSiberia yaba bandwidth aphantsi ngexesha yayiphuma kuThixo imfazwe leyo phezu kwayo Wanikelwa 47% of imithwalo emkhosini. Kodwa ingxaki kukuba le ndlela lixesha kanye olenyayo.

Indlela yesibini, yaye ikhuseleki- wayebaleka nePersian Gulf kunye Iran. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa ubunzima technical, baye bakwazi ukusebenzisa kuphela phakathi ku-1942, lo gama i uncedo ofunekayo ngaphambili ngoko nangoko. Ngoko ke convoys kumantla arctic ke ngumfuziselo sesithathu nokuziswa iimpahla ekusetyenzwe Allied umyalelo waba izinto ezininzi phezu kwezinye ezimbini.

Okokuqala, kwakufuneka ixesha kangako. Arctic egesi azaba nakuzisiza iimpahla nje ezilishumi - akuntsuku zingaphezu kweshumi elinambini, yaye okwesibini, Arkhangelsk kunye Murmansk, apho ekwehliseni, ikufutshane ngokwaneleyo indawo impi nokuba ukuya kumbindi weli lizwe.

Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela kwakugcwele ngeengozi ephuma yokuba iinqanawa kwanyanzeleka ukuba bafudukele kunxweme eNorway, kuhlala yi yiJamani. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yendlela kwakufuneka isuswe kufutshane zokuchopha neziseko aselwandle yotshaba. Noko ke, phezu kwayo yonke into, le indlela ebalulekileyo, yaye arctic Allied convoys ka-1941-1945 benza igalelo elibalulekileyo ngokoyiswa yotshaba. Ingakumbi inkulu indima yabo kunyaka wokuqala waloo mfazwe.

iingcingo indlela imikhumbi zothutho

Ukubonisa ukuhlaselwa lutshaba kunokwenzeka, zaye zaphuhliswa Allied ngamaqhinga umyalelo, Bulelani apho lori Arctic nako ukuwubamba umthwalo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Uyisa zakhiwa akukho ikharavani olunye, kunye umhlathi omfutshane Ukuvusa, ehamba ngaphambili kwi kumgama kakhulu enye kwenye, yaye ngokufuthi utshintshe indlela. Oku kwenza nje kuphela ulawulo ngakumbi kakuhle kubo, kodwa wadala ukuntsonkotha eyongezelelweyo inkwili waseJamani.

Ukuphelisa lweenqanawa ezintywilayo eyenzelwe nqanawa neempelesi encinane, equka minesweepers, frigates kunye kubabulali. Bathi ukuqhela iinqanawa walandela ngabo. Ngaphandle kwabo, wokulwa mission wenziwe neenqanawa ezinkulu, esiza kufutshane elunxwemeni, kwaye zenzelwe ukuba zibonise imikhosi utshaba komhlaba kunye mboni.

Kuyo yonke indlela ukuya Bear Island, ibekwe kwinxalenye esentshona loLwandle Barents, le convoys emantla Arctic phantsi nokukhuselwa British weenqanawa kunye air force. Ngelo xesha lokugqibela, lo msebenzi yawa oomatiloshe Soviet kunye airmen.

Arctic Allied convoys 1941-1945, kwasekwa, kwaye bayithabatha impahla yabo ibamba kwi zibuko Scottish, ibekwe ethekwini Loch U. Ngaphezu koko, indlela yabo walala e Reykjavik, apho iinqanawa Wabaleka amatanki amafutha, waza emva koko wamlandela ukuya khona. Ngenxa yeemeko umkhenkce, balandela ikhondo kungekabekwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuya emntla. Oku kwenziwa ukuba nkulu umgama ukusuka elunxwemeni, kuhlala lutshaba.

iingongoma ezimbini ezahlukeneyo

Kunika umdla ukuqaphela elinye iinkcukacha ngaloo minyaka, ngunobangela ukujongana ngezikhondo zamehlo ezithile phakathi ngqwayi Soviet kunye noogxa babo yaseBritani. Ngokutsho imiyalelo ekhutshwe yi-Admiralty ukuya nobungangamela bakhe, kwaye usebenza kuzo zonke iinqanawa, hayi nje abo yinxalenye convoys Arctic, ezothutho, zonakaliswe okanye zilahleke kulawulo empini, transfer crew enye inkundla, aza ke amfuna torpedoes kunye saya ezantsi.

Oku kwenziwa kuba ubomi oomatiloshe olwalubekwe ngentla kude aseti eziphathekayo, yaye naziphi na iinzame ukugcina nqanawa elifayo phantsi ukuba umngcipheko obulalayo. Nokuba zivela kwicala lweprakhtikhali, British wayekholelwa ukuba ukulungiselela abasebenzi lokuqala-class, kuba nzima ngaphezu ukuba akhe umkhombe ngakumbi. Le ndlela kwacaca ngokupheleleyo ukuya kwicala eSoviet, yaye ngokufuthi sachaza yokummangalela sibeth` ngelizama ukubahlangula kwizibuko kuyo kwempahla kancinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

luck Good, sikhatshwe yi "Dervish"

Le lori lokuqala Arctic, ikhowudi-ogama "Dervish", washiya kwizibuko Reykjavik, 21 Agasti 1941. Kwakugcwele iinqanawa zothutho amathandathu British enye Soviet. ukhuseleko kuqinisekiswa minesweepers ezisixhenxe kubabulali ezimbini. Ngokukhuselekileyo wafika Enkulu, ngoAgasti 31, ohambisa wazikhulula "Isichotho" izilwi elunxwemeni elinesihlanu, iintlawulo nzulu malunga namawaka amane, iilori eziliqela elinesibini, kwakunye zeetoni irabha, uboya kunye nazo zonke iintlobo iyunifomu.

Arctic Allied convoys ka-1941-1945. iingxelo e umyalelo igama ikhowudi luqala iileta PQ. Yaba unobumba wokuqala igama legosa British Admiralty Peter Kvilina (Peter Quelyn), linoxanduva ngokuququzelela ukukhuselwa beempahla zothutho. Emva oonobumba baya ukulandelelana inani hide elandelayo. Nendlwana, esiza kwelinye icala, zibonakaliswe QP, kwaye ngokunjalo sinike inombolo nolandelelwano.

Le lori lokuqala Arctic, wehla waya kwimbali njengoko PQ-0, ifikelele Arkhangelsk ngaphandle kobunzima ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba umyalelo waseJamani, ligxile "blitzkrieg" - umbane imfazwe, wayethembe ukuba zizalise iphulo Mpuma phambi ekuqaleni kobusika, yaye abazange banikele ingqalelo eyaneleyo ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwi Arctic. Noko ke, xa kwacaca ukuba imfazwe iya kuba ngumzabalazo elide kunye convoys Arctic wafumana ukubaluleka ekhethekileyo.

Uyondelelwano lwee- imikhosi yotshaba kumlo nxamnye convoys Amanyeneyo

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba emva May 1941 flagship waseBritani uye zitshone yi Navy wempi isiJamani "Bismarck", uHitler zavalwa zonke nabasebenza kuzo leenqanawa kumphezulu ukungena lidabi evulekileyo kunye British. Isizathu yayilula kakhulu - woyika kwakhona ukunika utshaba isizathu mbhiyozo. Ngoku ke umfanekiso itshintshile.

Xa kusebusika ka-1942 kummandla imbonakalo convoys yaseBritani kunokwenzeka zaye nangoko eziku cruisers ezintathu enzima kunye nokukhanya omnye. Ukongezelela, kwakufuneka ukuxhasa abagungxuli ezintlanu ngwenya elinesihlanu. Ngaxeshanye kunye koku, inani moya ezinze kwi zokuchopha eNorway, inyusiwe kwiiyunithi ezimakhulu mahlanu, leyo ukuba, ngo-Apreli kunyaka efanayo ukuqala ziziqhushumbisi rhoqo kwi Murmansk.

Amanyathelo anjalo ukuthatha isiphumo, kwaye kuzolile kwimeko apho wenza convoys yabo yokuqala inguqu, indawo yayo yathathwa yi imeko yokulwa langoku. Sizana ngenxa yakhe ndonakalelwa yokuqala ngoJanuwari 1942, xa amaJamani aba yinxalenye lori PQ-7 zitshone yi umkhombe yezothutho yaseBritani "Waziristan".

Ukulahleka namahlakani kunye neempendulo zazo

Ukwakha phezu impumelelo, umyalelo waseJamani laququzelela ukufuna ngokwenene lori elandelayo PQ-8. On iimbalelwano yakhe wempi "Tirpitz", i ezifanayo zitshone phambi "Bismarck" kunye abagungxuli ezintathu ngwenya eziliqela. Noko ke, phezu kwayo yonke imigudu, ekufumanekeni kwangethuba hide Arctic basilele, yaye omnye kuphela, kodwa lilishwa kakhulu kuthi isisulu inqanawa yothutho eSoviet "Izhora", ngenxa yezizathu zobugcisa, loo mntu usele ukusuka kwiqela engundoqo.

Ngelishwa, apha ilahleko eManyeneyo landa kakhulu. Ngokutsho Shwankathela mini, ngoMatshi 1942, amaJamani likwazile ukutshona ethwala ezintlanu yaseBritani, yaye kwinyanga elandelayo, zangamawele, zithabathela ngomnye imikhombe ezisithoba yinxalenye convoys ezine eya Murmansk.

Noko ke, ukucuthwa yomkhosi eziphambili British April 30 xa inomzimba ephuma inkwili yaseJamani iye zitshone yi Cruiser "Edinburgh", babuyele elunxwemeni eBritani. Kunye naye baya ezantsi, baba zewayini bakhe zokudubula ezintlanu kunye neetoni enesiqingatha zegolide evela kurhulumente yiSoviet ngenxa izinto zomkhosi ezazingekho ukulwa kuthi.

Kamva, igolide ndikhulela ekuhambeni ngokusebenza yokuhlangula, ezenzeka kwixesha ukususela 1961 ukuya 1968. Ukungqinelana imvumelwano esayiniweyo ngaphambili, sonke, saba yahlulwa phakathi eSoviet Union, iBritani, kwaye mveliso nowenziwa imisebenzi kwamanzi.

Ngelo xesha ngo-1942 ngenxa nzima imeko, Amanyeneyo amanyathelo ezingxamisekileyo athathwa. imikhumbi american wathumela lelokugada convoys kakhulu butho umxhelo, ezibandakanya Zempi ezimbini, cruisers amabini kunye kubabulali ezintandathu. Musa ukuhlala bucala kunye umyalelo Soviet. Ukuba phambi kokuba Fleet Northern wenziwe iimpahla zothutho iintambo eyenzelwe kuphela ngokukodwa le njongo iinqanawa, ngoku zathunyelwa kubo bonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, imikhosi ekhoyo.

Le feat le crew i "iiBolsheviks Endala"

Nokuba kwindawo apho inxaxheba zibhabha nganye kufuneka amabutho e nesibindi ubuqhawe, kukho iimeko apho zifuneka ezi mpawu ngokukhethekileyo. Umzekelo usindiso "Endala yamaBolshevik" sisitya oomatiloshe Soviet isithuthi, leyo ndakhululwa Reykjavik, kunye lori PQ-16. Meyi 27, 1942 sihlaselwa moya isiJamani kunye iziqhushumbisi ngenxa yoko, umlilo uqale ebhodini kwizikrelemnqa.

Nangona yokuba ababekhwele iqela eetoni iziqhushumbisi, oomatiloshe wala ukunika oogxa babo IsiNgesi ukuba bangene omnye neenqanawa zabo, kwaye eli qela walwa umlilo. kweeyure ezisibhozo kamva, umlilo, rhoqo wamsongela iimvaba, waye kucinywa, yaye "Endala yamaBolshevik" wambamba ngempumelelo ezinye yenkundla, nto leyo ke eya ku Murmansk.

Disaster bethu Arctic PQ-17

Isiphelo sale ezikhaphayo, nto leyo wakhululwa Hvalfjörður Juni 27, 1942, yaba yintlekele inkulu kwithuba iphela unikezelo cargo encedisayo kwi-Arctic indlela. Kwathi njengoko kamva ngamxhelo kuphawuliwe iingcaphephe zomkhosi, kuphela ngenxa asilotyala British Admiralty, Admiral Pound.

Yonke le nto yaqala nesibakala sokuba kwiintsuku ezine emva koko, le lori yafunyanwa ngama moya German, usebenzisa ulawulo phezu kwendawo amanzi oLwandle Norwegian. Yena ngoko nangoko bathunyelwa ukuba ganga ngoku imikhosi ezinkulu aselwandle nomoya, le ukuhlaselwa amaBritane ingqalelo phezu iintsuku ezintathu, ukulahlekelwa isitya zothutho ezintathu. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezinye wenkundla yaye baye bafikelela kuyo, kodwa ngoJulayi 4, oko kwazeka ukuba liqengqiwe lesuka kwini, besondela kuwo inkulu ngelo xesha, inqanawa Navy German - "Tirpitz" inqanawa.

Le ngxilimbela, baxhotyiswa ngemipu pyatnadtsatidyuymovymi ezisibhozo, namnye unako ukutshabalalisa zonke iinqanawa impahla namahlakani nje kuphela, kodwa kunye nabo kunye nokhuselo iinqanawa. Ukufunda le, Admiral Pound wenza isigqibo sibi. Wayalela imikhumbi ukuba singalumkeli ukuzibandakanya edabini kunye umkhumbi kwaye ukuhambisa umgama omkhulu. Zokuhamba inkundla efanayo kwafuneka saa, kwaye enye kwenye, ukuba ukulandela Murmansk.

Ngenxa yoko, "Tirpitz", engafumani utshaba yoxinaniso, wabuyela kwisiseko, kwaye ohambisa saa ngokwemiyalelo wempi yakhe elwandle, waba lixhoba moya utshaba ngwenya. Iinkcukacha-manani kule ntlekele yinto eyoyikekayo. Of iinqanawa zothutho Allied ezingamashumi amathathu anesithandathu, imashumi mabini anamithathu batshoniswe, yaye kunye nabo ngasekhohlo emazantsi, ithwalelwe zabo iinqaba, ezintathu iwaka nesiqingatha iimoto, amakhulu amane anamanci mane kwamatanki, bengamakhulu amabini moya malunga nekhulu lamawaka iitoni nemithwalo eyahlukeneyo. Iinqanawa ezimbini umva, elinanye kuphela kugaleleka kwizibuko kuyo. abantu abalikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu anantathu babulawa namakhulu amathathu ubomi wasindiswa kanye kwafika ixesha awayihlangula oomatiloshe Soviet.

Imiphumo yale ntlekele

Le ntlekele phantse ukuba ukupheliswa izibonelelo eSoviet Union of iimpahla zomkhosi, yaye kuphela phantsi kwengcinezelo evela eMoscow, amaNgesi kwanyanzeleka ukuba aqhubeke izibophelelo zangaphambili. Noko ke, emva kokuba lori elandelayo ezilahlekileyo imikhombe emithathu torpedoed yi lweenqanawa ezintywilayo German, ngakumbi wawukade elinye ixesha de ekuqaleni ebusuku polar.

Emva egesi kabuhlungu ezilahlekileyo umyalelo waseBritani batshintsha wayengonwabanga, ngokoluvo lwabo, lo codename kwi yw PQ, kunye RA. Kukho kwakhona iinzame uthubelezise impahla izitya zothutho elinye, kodwa zange kuwucima nabo yaphela ilahleko labo kunye nelahleko yobomi.

Kuphela ngoDisemba 1942, luck emkhosini yaseBritani. Kwiinkalo zezifundo ezimbini kwezo lori kwinyanga bakwazi ukufikelela lossless Murmansk. Kukho ubungqina bokuba oku kukhokelele ekwandeni ngobushushu abanalo Hitler, kunye neendleko-eyiNtloko Navy eGrand Admiral Raeder.

Thamsanqa nibuyile ekumlandeleni amaNazi

Nangona kunjalo, xa kwafika imfazwe i ukwaphuka ecacileyo. Uninzi iinqanawa kumphezulu isiJamani bafudukela kwezinye iindawo, kwaye kwisithuba 1943-1945 kunyaka nxamnye Allied convoys babe phantse kuphela ye ngwenya. Inani labo yehlile ngenxa kuliwe ilahleko, lo gama kushishino isiJamani ngelo xesha sele akakwazi ukugcwalisa kubo.

Ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1943 Navy German uphulukene enye iinqanawa enhle - Cruiser "Scharnhorst", zitshone yi-British ngexesha izama ukuhlasela Arctic ezikhaphayo ethwele isihloko YP-55. Ngokulinganayo bayahlelwa buhlungu wahlula aziwa Naval Forces eJamani - i wempi "Tirpitz". Ngaba ukujoyina i imfazwe, oko yatshatyalaliswa moya British ngqo kwi pier.

oomatiloshe Igalelo le Allied Amagunya kuloyiso

Ngexesha lemfazwe, le convoys Arctic, iifoto apho ibekwe kwiphepha zisiwe kwilizwe lethu ezine nesiqingatha sesigidi iitoni imithwalo wamajoni kunye nokutya, nto leyo malunga amashumi amathathu ekhulwini ubungakanani yalo lonke uncedo Union. Ngokumalunga ethile izixhobo, oko sindise ngasentla ubuncinane isiqingatha iyonke imali ebekelwe yiSoviet Union, iBritani eMelika. Iyonke convoys Arctic eyathatyathiswa kufutshane kuloo mida German-ihlala 1398 isitya yezothutho.

Kulo nyaka, uluntu kwilizwe lethu, kwakunye US kunye UK ukuba kubhiyozelwe isikhumbuzo hide lokuqala Arctic. Yaba umhla ebaluleke kakhulu. Owayesakuba sizana sabhiyozela unyaka-75. convoys Arctic siyidlalile indima ebalulekileyo kule ngokoyiswa ngamaNazi eJamani, ukuba ixabiso layo ayikwazi nembeko, kunye nemibhiyozo balungiselela ukuba sihlandlo Pomorie, ngoko umda efanelekileyo. Bona kuyo kwamagunya kwii amazwe asithoba.

Ngaphandle Severodvinsk kunye Arkhangelsk, iziganeko ukuphawula lo mbhiyozo, abanjwa Murmansk ne St Petersburg, apho kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo kwabakho lesikhumbuzo ukuya convoys Arctic. Eku sunguleni, a lesikhumbuzo kwinkumbulo-nxaxheba ezo ziganeko zobugorha yasekwa Murmansk.

Ngexesha mhlana kwidispleyi kamabonwakude Russian, eyenziwe bhanya American 2001 documentary "Arctic Allied convoys ka-1941-1945.". Nale umboniso bhanya babantu bakuthi bakwazi ukufunda okuninzi malunga iziganeko eziye zenzeka kule minyaka yemfazwe kwisithuba elwandle ezinezinga wasentla.