Izigaba kunye nemiqathango ubunye emazweni Russian

Wobukhosi ukuqhekeka yaba linyathelo okufana onke amazwe ephakathi yaseYurophu. Russia akuyona umnyinyiva. Sele kwinkulungwane XI, oko waqala ukubonisa utyekelo lokuzimela kubekho ukugwetyelwa izilawuli ezahlukeneyo kuqala. Yaye kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XII, xa elinye ithi zinamandla kule ngingqi yeyela izilawuli ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo. Kwezi amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ekugqibeleni Novgorod Republic, Compostela-Volyn, Chernihiv, uVladimir-Suzdal, eMoscow kunye nenani kwezinye izilawuli. Ukuba eMoscow kwakusadingeka abe omtsha wezenkcubeko, ezoqoqosho kunye, ekugqibeleni, embindini yezopolitiko nokuxubana wasempuma.

Umzabalazo wahlaba umtyangapho wekhwelo lokumanywa kumazwe Russian emva phantsi ukongamela nomlawuli omnye iqala ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV. Ngeli xesha, lufikelela incopho yawo kwaye iqala uwaphule nezikumkani reverse inkqubo yinye. Hi ndlela leyi, le nkqubo kwakhona uphawu yonke eYurophu apho kwenzeka ekuqaleni (njengoko eNgilani), kwaye kwezinye iimeko imiphumo ephakathi feudal ukuqhekeka ukoyisa phantse kwinkulungwane XX (eJamani, Italy). Ngoko ke, isiseko yokumanya kumazwe Russian ifana indalo zesiqhelo yaseYurophu. Noko ke, kufuneka eziliqela iimpawu.

IMVELAPHI ubunye emazweni Russian

Njengoko wobukhosi uqhekeko negalelo kwabo bangenamandla amaqhina urhwebo phakathi imimandla lizwe, njengoko iimeko zoqoqosho ezisisiseko ilizwe umbutho kwi XIV-XV eminyaka. Ngokukodwa, oku kuye kwakhokelela kwinkqubela phambili kwezolimo kunye ekomelezeni ubudlelwane zorhwebo. Ukongeza, uphuhliso kwezolimo kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho bodwa obukhulu ngakumbi kwaye ukuyilwa kwiklasi eyahlukileyo seengcibi. Yenza iimarike zangaphakathi, waqinisa amaqhina kwezoqoqosho. Ngoko ke, isiseko eyintloko yokumanya amazwe Russian yalala nophuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho zendalo nemimandla East Slavic ukuba kuqulathe ngokuzenzekelayo imfuneko yokumanya kwezopolitiko. imfundo karhulumente ohlangeneyo iye yaba phambili ngenxa yomdla sekile ebanzi yoluntu Russian: abarhwebi, amagcisa, abemi yasezidolophini kwaye, kakade, izikhulu. Ezinye ngumba ubunye kumazwe Russian walala ukuqhubela ephikisanayo zentlalo. Isibakala sokuba ngokuvela ezolimo rhoqo babongozwa ukuba ukomeleza ukuxhatshazwa feudal lendawo umlimi uluntu. Ukubonakalisa ibalulekileyo yale msebenzi kukomeleza kubukhoboka ekhulayo. Kakade ke, ukuba inxalenye abalimi yabangela ukumelana noqhankqalazo rhoqo. principalities buthathaka kwezopolitiko kwaye imfazwe yaye ifuna yaba kukhal karhulumente ukuba abanini wayenikela isiqinisekiso sengeniso ukwenzela amafama kunye iza kudala imithetho efanayo ubagcine kuyo yeetawuli abaqeshisi.

Amanqanaba ubunye emazweni Russian

Njengoko yaziwa, iziko elitsha empuma nokuxubana waba eMoscow. Le yinye idla yahlulwe izigaba ezine:

• Isigaba 1. Lwaqala ngo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV kwaye luphawulwa intshukumo kweziko kwezoqoqosho imimandla esemazantsi emantla-mpuma.
• Isigaba 2. Isiqingatha sesibini XIV kunye nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XV. Ngeli xesha, iinkosana eMoscow bakwazi ukoyisa zonke izitha zakhe kunye ukucinezelwa yezinye yelizwe Russian. E kwimeko efanayo, i-high-iprofayile uloyiso yokuqala nangempi oluba - kwemfazwe Kulikov.
• Isigaba sesithathu. Oku ulwa imfazwe igunya eMoscow ngokwayo.
• Isigaba 4. Isiqingatha sesibini XV kunye XVI ekuqaleni. Iinkosana eMoscow Ivan III yaye kamva Vasily III - agqibezele inkqubo yokuqokelela le mazwe Russian ibe bengatshatanga. Ngowe-1480 ekugqibeleni bagxothwa i Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe.