Le abahloli ezinkulu Russian kunye bakufumeneyo

Bahambi ezinkulu Russian, uluhlu leyo inkulu kakhulu, eyabangela uphuhliso lorhwebo lwaselwandle waphakamisa iwonga le lizwe. Uluntu lwezenzululwazi eyaziwayo ulwazi ngakumbi hayi kuphela kwendawo, kodwa malunga nezityalo nezilwanyana, kwaye okona kubalulekileyo - abantu ababehlala kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, namasiko abo. Makhe kulandela ekhondweni bahambi enkulu Russian nolo amazwe.

Fodor Filippovich Konyuhov

mhambi Great Russian Fyodor Konyukhov ayikho lover kuphela kakuhle ezaziwayo-ezintsha, kodwa kananjalo opeyintayo, inkosi abazukileyo kwezemidlalo. Wazalwa ngo-1951. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, ebengenakwenza nto yayiza kunikwa nzima noontanga bakhe - baqubha ngamanzi abandayo. Ngokulula kulala hayloft. Fedor waba zikwimeko entle emzimbeni kwaye bayakwazi ukusebenzisa imigama emide - emashumini ezimbalwa yeekhilomitha. Kwiminyaka eli-15, wakwazi ukuba bawele kuLwandle Azov, usebenzisa ekuqhubeni ngesikhephe. Kakhulu nempembelelo Theodore kunye notatomkhulu wakhe, owayefuna lo mfana waba umhambi, kodwa inkwenkwe yayifuna oku. Bahambi ezinkulu Russian ziqala ukulungiselela kwangaphambili yomkhankaso zabo kunye nendawo ulwandle.

ukuvulwa Konyukhov

Fedor Filippovich Konyuhov wathabatha inxaxheba-zokuhamba 40, kuphindaphindwa kwezikhephe ukukhumbula indlela, wemka ngomkhombe Vladivostok ukuya Commander Islands, weza Sakhalin kunye ena. Kwiminyaka 58, uYesu woyisa Mount Everest, kwakunye 7 ziphakamileyo kwiqela kunye nezinye climbers. Wayetyelele zombini i-North kunye nezibonda South, ngenxa ngohambo 4 ngeenxa zonke zehlabathi, bawela amaxesha Atlantic 15. okuvelayo Bakhe Fedor Filippovich iboniswe kumzobo. Ngoko ke wabhala imifanekiso 3000. Izinto ezeza ezinkulu geographical lwabahambi Russian zazisoloko bubonakala iincwadi zabo, yaye Fedor Konyukhov washiya ngasemva iincwadi 9.

Athanasius Nikitin

mhambi Great Russian Athanasius Nikitin (Nikitin - .. Igama lokuqala yonke yomrhwebi, ukuba igama likatata wakhe yaba Nikita) owayephila ngenkulungwane ye-15, yaye unyaka wokuzalwa kwakhe ayaziwa. Ungqinile ukuba kwanomntu ndiphuma kusapho oluhlwempuzekileyo nga umgama omde kangako, into engundoqo - ukuseta injongo. Yena waba merchant abanamava baya yaseIndiya eCrimea, eConstantinople, Lithuania kunye seLizwe lahlaselwa bazizisa ekhaya impahla kumazwe aphesheya.

Waye inzalelwane yaseTver. abarhwebi Russian waya Asia ukuseka ubudlelwane kunye abarhwebi basekuhlaleni. Bona ngokwabo bathwalwa apho, ikakhulu oboya. Njengoko isiphelo Athanasius waba eIndiya, apho wahlala khona iminyaka emithathu. Ekubuyeni kwakhe yena inkunzi wabulawa kufuphi ESmolensk. Le abahloli ezinkulu Russian kunye ezifunyaniswe babo ngonaphakade ahlale kwimbali, ngenxa yokuba inkqubela ye abathandi bame isibindi bebhadula rhoqo wafa kwi zobuntlola eziyingozi kunye elide.

Ivula Afanasiya Nikitina

Athanasius Nikitin waba umhambi yokuqala Russian abaye batyelela India namaPersi, endleleni emva wayetyelele eTurkey Somalia. Ekuhambeni kwakhe wathabatha amanqaku "Journey Beyond Seas ezintathu", apho kamva waba incwadi isifundo inkcubeko kunye namasiko kwamanye amazwe. Ingakumbi kuboniswe kakuhle kwiincwadi zakhe ephakathi India. Wawela iVolga, uLwandle Arabhu kunye lweCaspian, Sea Black. Xa kufuphi abarhwebi Astrakhan zaye zigqekeziwe AmaTatar, akazange afune bonke ukuya ekhaya uze kungena ukutshona ematyaleni, waza waqhubeka nohambo lwakhe, eya Derbent, ngoko Baku.

UNikolai Maclay

Maclay uvela kusapho entle, kodwa ke kwafuneka afunde ukufa kayise, ukuba uphila ebuhlwempini. Yena waye wavukela ngokwemvelo - kwiminyaka eli-15, waye wabanjwa ngenxa ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwimiboniso umfundi. Ngenxa yoko, akazange nje yajika phantsi ekubanjweni apho ke kuloo nqaba, apho wahlala iintsuku zantathu, kodwa ndagxothwa esikolweni kunye ukuvalwa engaphezulu yokwamkelwa - ngoko kuba olahlekelwe ithuba lokufumana imfundo ephakamileyo eRashiya ukuba kamva wenza eJamani.

Ernst Haeckel, omninzi semvelo ezaziwayo-kakuhle, wakhankanya ukuba ukwazi inkwenkwana eneminyaka eli-19 ubudala waza wamema Maclay kwi hambo, injongo yakhe kukufundela izilwanyana zaselwandle. Nicholas wafa eneminyaka engama-42, kunye lokufunyaniswa ilizwi lakhe, "ukwehla enamandla umzimba." Yena, njengamanye abahambi ezininzi kakhulu Russian, wanikela inxalenye enkulu yobomi bakhe egameni izinto ezintsha.

Maclay Ivula

Ngowe-1869 Maclay kunye nenkxaso Society Geographical Russian waya New Guinea. Beach apho wamisa, ngoku ebizwa ngokuba "Maclay Coast." Emva kokuchitha ngaphezu konyaka kwi hambo, waphula ngumhlaba omtsha. Bendawo bafunda ukusuka umhambi Russian njengoko ithanga omdala, umbona, iimbotyi, indlela yokunyamekela imithi yeziqhamo. 3 iminyaka ayichitha Australia, watyelela Indonesia, kwiiPhilippines, kwiziqithi iMelanesia kunye Micronesia. Kwakhona wabongoza abahlali balapha ukuba iphazamise kwizifundo zesayensi. iminyaka eli-17 yobomi bakhe efunda yabantu bemveli the Pacific Islands, mpuma Asia. Ngenxa Miklouho-Maclay iye wawancamisa ekuhleni intelekelelo ukuba Papuans anobubele omnye umntu. Njengoko sibonile, loo madoda amakhulu Russian kunye bakufumeneyo ukuba abaseleyo ehlabathini ukuba ufunde kuphela ngakumbi malunga nophando eendawo, kodwa malunga nabanye abantu abahlala Territories Entsha.

UNikolai Mikhailovich Przewalski

Przhevalsky ubabalweyo kwintsapho yomlawuli, emva kohambo yokuqala waba nelungelo lokudibana uAlexander II, owada wendisela ingqokelela wakhe Russian Academy of Sciences. Unyana wakhe Nicholas wazithanda imisebenzi UNikolai Mikhailovich, kwaye wayefuna ukuba umfundi wakhe, naye kunceda upapasho amabali malunga hambo 4, wakhalaza amawaka 25. engange. I Tsarevich wayesoloko efuna phambili oonobumba ukusuka umhambi yaye ndonwabile ukuba nkqu iindaba emfutshane malunga hambo.

Njengoko kubonakala, nkqu ngexesha ubomi Przewalski waba ubuntu kakhulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle kunye nemisebenzi kunye nezenzo zakhe zifumene eninzi emaphepheni. Kodwa ke, njengokuba maxa wambi kuyenzeka, xa abahloli ezinkulu Russian kunye ezifunyaniswe babo babe edumileyo, iinkcukacha ezininzi ubomi kunye neemeko yokufa kwakhe nangoku alaziwa ukuba lithetha ukuthini. Inzala uNicholas Mikhailovich yayingekho, t. To. Le ukuqonda kusengaphambili yintoni isiphelo kuza kwenzeka kuye, ange engabuyanga kuvunyelwa ukuba ukulahla umntu omthandayo ekho kunye lilolo.

ukuvulwa Przewalski

Enkosi Uhambo Przewalski, kukho iwonga yenzululwazi Russian yayiqine entsha. Ngexesha Uhambo 4 umhambi wegqitha malunga nama-30 amawaka. Khilomitha, waya Central kunye Western Asia, lehewu Tibetan kunye inxalenye esemazantsi Taklimakan kwintlango. Wavula lwamawa ezininzi (Moscow, twisisaka, njalo njalo. D.), Chaza imilambo emikhulu laseAsiya.

Abaninzi baye beva malunga ihashe Przewalski kaThixo (a zenyathi ihashe zasendle), kodwa bambalwa uyazi yeengqokelela bazizityebi umyezo ezincancisayo, iintaka, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini kunye nentlanzi, kukho inani elikhulu kweerekhodi ngezityalo kunye nengqokelela herbarium. Ukongeza enezityalo nezilwanyana, ngokunjalo izinto ezintsha geographical, umkhenkethi enkulu Russian iintlanga Przewalski abanomdla unknown ukuba baseYurophu - Dungan, kumantla Tibetan, Tangut, magintsami, lobnortsami. Wadala lo msebenzi "Indlela ukuhamba Central Asia", nto leyo ibe njengesikhokelo elisemagqabini abaphandi kunye nabezomkhosi. Bahambi ezinkulu Russian, ukwenza olufunyanisiweyo, lusoloko lukhatshwa nolwazi uphuhliso inzululwazi umbutho ngempumelelo amaphulo amatsha.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern

nomhloli Russian wazalwa ngo-1770. Yena waba ithuba lokuba intloko lokuqala uhambo yehlabathi evela eRashiya, njengoko ngomnye wabaseki National Oceanology, i gosa, ilungu ehambelana kunye nelungu Wawongwa the Academy of Sciences eSt Petersburg. mhambi Great Russian Kruzenshtern nayo yathatha inxaxheba, wadalwa xa Society Geographical Russian. Ngowe-1811 waba nethuba lokufundisa kuLwandle yeCadet Corps. Emva koko, ukuba umlawuli, xa wayelungiselela ukuba iklasi igosa eliphezulu. Oku ke waba Academy of Naval.

Ngo-1812, uYesu wakhetha phandle i okwesithathu wethamsanqa bakhe yaBantu wamajoni (waqala iMfazwe Yehlabathi II). De kube lelo xesha, kwadlula ukupapashwa imiqulu emithathu iincwadi, "Ukuhamba ehlabathini lonke", apho ziye zaguqulelwa ngeelwimi ezisixhenxe zaseYurophu. Ngowe-1813, Ivan Fedorovich ziquka kwi IsiNgesi, imibutho Danish, isiJamani kunye isiFrentshi yenzululwazi kunye zezifundiswa. Noko ke, kwiminyaka 2 kamva, yena wathumela ikhefu elingenammiselo ngenxa yokuba esi sifo iliso asakhasayo, xaka le meko kunye nolwalamano nzima kunye noMphathiswa Marine. abahloli abaninzi abadumileyo kunye nabakhenkethi wajika Ivan Fedorovich iingcebiso kunye nenkxaso.

okuvula Kruzenshtern

iminyaka 3 wayeyintloko kwiphulo Russian emhlabeni wonke ngeenqanawa "Neva" yaye "Ithemba". Ebudeni bohambo kwakufuneka sincinwa umlomo we-Amur River. Kuba okokuqala kwimbali izithuthi Russian babewela-ikhweyitha. Ngalo hambo, kunye Ivan Fedorovich, okokuqala ukuvela kwimephu empuma, entla kunye emntla-ntshona kunxweme Sakhalin Island. Kwakhona, ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe uya kubona ukukhanya "Atlas South Ulwandle", gcwalisa amanqaku lokuhlola amanzi. Ngenxa amakhadi umkhankaso aye acinywe isiqithi engasekhoyo, kwindawo eyiyo ezinye iingongoma georgaficheskih wayezimisele. isayensi Russian iye bafunda Mezhpassatnyh impembelelo efihlakeleyo kwi-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, lalibalwa lobushushu amanzi (ukuya kwi-400 m ubunzulu), echazwe ubunzima zayo ezithile, umbala kunye nokucacisa. Ekugqibeleni kwacaca isizathu apho ulwandle ukukhanya. Kwakhona, kukho data kwi womoya, oyaluzisa kwiindawo ezininzi iilwandle ekwakufudula nabanye abahambi ezinkulu Russian kuloo matutu zabo.

Semon Ivanovich Dezhnov

umhambi Great, wazalwa ngo-1605. Navigator, umhloli kunye umrhwebi, naye ibe isikhulu Cossack. Waye inzalelwane Great Ustyug, waza ke waya eSiberia. Semyon Ivanovich wayesaziwa italente yakhe ozakuzo, inkalipho akwazi ukulungelelanisa nokulawula abantu. igama bakhe banikwa kwindawo eendawo (headland, nangwevu, isiqithi, idolophana, kuSingasiqithi), i-ice-ungumgqithi, uhambo, isitalato, njl

yokuvula Dezhneva

Semyon Ivanovich iminyaka engama-80 phambi kokuba wethu Strait yabanjwa (ebizwa ngokuba wethu) phakathi Alaska kunye Chukotka (ngokupheleleyo, ngoxa wethu kuphela inxalenye yayo). Yena neqela lakhe bafumana indlela ulwandle macala emantla-mpuma inxalenye Asia, bafika ena. Akukho namnye ngaphambili yaye andizange siyazi ukuba yinxalenye yehlabathi apho Melika phantse weni kunye Asia. Dezhnev wadlula Arctic Ocean, ngokudlulisela lalikunxweme Asia. Yena sabonisa Strait phakathi iibhanki zaseMelika kwaye Asia, kwakunye Chukotka Peninsula. Kanye e Olyutorskii Bay ngumkhombe kathathu, squad bakhe, kunye nasemkhenkceni kuphela kunye nempahla, wawusondela kwiiveki ezili-10 phambi kokuba Anadyr River (yalahlekelwa abantu-13 ukusuka 25). Kukho uluvo lokuba kwabantu bokuqala Alaska yaba yinxalenye yeqela Dezhnev, wahlukana hambo.

Ngenxa yoko, ukulandela ekhondweni umhambi enkulu Russian, ungabona ukuba ukuphuhlisa nokuvuka noluntu lwezenzululwazi Russian, wabatyebisa ulwazi olukhulayo lwelizwe ngaphandle, esalinikwayo negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso namanye amashishini ngayo.