Iziko Financial - it ... Definition

Imali obubonakala zazo ezahlukeneyo, ebesoloko kwaye ziya kuba sisiseko lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kumanqanaba micro macro. kwiziko lemali - ithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo lawulo welizwe okanye urhwebo zemali yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ingcamango kwamaziko zemali

Imali, kakhulu, ukuba eso sifundo borhwebo, abathengisi ngoobani ngemali. kwiziko lemali - i-arhente kwezoqoqosho (amaninzi iqumrhu elisemthethweni), osebenza kwimarike zemali phantsi mvume nasekuphumezeni iinkonzo enika iimali-mboleko, athengise izibambiso kunye nezinye iintengiselwano ezinxulumene ukuyilwa lokungena nokuphuma kwemali.

Imisebenzi iinkampani zemali

Enyanisweni, iinkampani zemali uyamlamlela nokunikezelwa mali. impahla yawo ngoku ngaba iidipozithi efunyenweyo ngenxa yemivuzo elithile labantu esemthethweni amaziko, ke leyo ebe-mboleko "zithengiselwa" nabanye abathathi lobudlelwane ngetyala. Kakade ke, lo imodeli abangekaphuhli womatshini lokwenziwa komsebenzi yabameli zemali, kodwa umgaqo kuyo nangoku eqhelekileyo, ukutshintsha kuphela isikali, ifomu kunye nxaxheba. Ngaloo ndlela, amaziko zeentengo zemboleko le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• Wazibandakanya ukusekwa kunye nokusebenza kwiimarike zemali kunye izibambiso.
• Nokunikezelwa kwengeniso ngohlobo lokonga imali abantu, oko kukuthi, inguqu yabo mali zotyalo-mali.
• Ngokucebisa nxaxheba lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kunye nolawulo lwemali.
• Uvavanyo kunye nokuncitshiswa lomngcipheko.

amaziko ezemali Modern, iintlobo zazo kunye nemisebenzi

Ezinye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo nxaxheba yobudlelwane emali, kwakunye neempawu iinkonzo zabo ukuba mabazihlele ngokwamaqela eziliqela. Kwinqanaba nasiphi na isizwe namhlanje kuba ezi fom zilandelayo zamaziko zemali:

1. Banks - umbutho yoxolelwaniso, ukujika kuzo kakhulu asethi lulwelo: imali (cash electronic) kunye izibambiso.
2. Amaziko Non-bank credit - ngokungangqalanga inxaxheba nokunikezelwa imali. kwinkalo yobuchule babo msebenzi kunokuba yolawulo ezizodwa kakhulu mali lwengeniso yomxhasi.
3. Iinkampani Investment - ukwenza uhlolo lweengozi kwezoqoqosho kunye nokuchonga iindawo ezininzi enomtsalane zotyalo-mali.
4. imibutho Credit - ngokubonelela imali kunye neenkonzo mboleko kumalungu asekuhlaleni. Ezahlukeneyo ukusuka iinkampani zorhwebo ukuba musa zijolise ukwenza inzuzo

Banks, iimpawu zazo kunye neendidi

kwiziko lemali Banking - umlamleli, esiza "ukuthengisa" imali okanye imveliso / inkonzo, ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo zengcebiso kummandla utyalo-mali. Ngenxa yoko, nathi ukwahlukanisa iindlela ezintathu beebhanki:

1. Bank Personal Finance - yinto ukusekwa yorhwebo enika mboleko imali ukuya labemi okanye abaqhubi yezoqoqosho ngentlawulo ezinzileyo. Inzala mboleko ehlawulwa abathengi zenza inqaku engundoqo lungeniselo kwiibhanki zorhwebo '. Iindleko ezi zamakhadi ukuba amazinga enzala iidipozithi (investment abaxhasi). Sishiya abagcinisa yinxenye enkulu zokuqhuba le bhanki.
2. Bank yokuthengisa ngezimali. Inkonzo yale hlobo yeziko ukulamla ekuthengisweni kweempahla ezomeleleyo ngezavenge. Kule isiphakamiso, kwaye hayi ibhanki ngokwayo ikhutshwa phandle ekuthengisweni kweempahla kunye inkampani a. Ibhanki kuphela olawula yokumpompoza kwintlawulo yentengo.
3. Investment Bank - ilungu iinkqubo zesizwe ngamazwe zemali. abaxhasi bakhe amaqumrhu asemthethweni kwaye nkqu urhulumente. Eyona njongo iphambili yeziko investment kukutsala utyalo-mali kumacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho, ngokunjalo noshishino zolamlo kunye zokuthengiswa kweentengiselwano kunye izibambiso.

Le ukwahlulwa kwiibhanki zorhwebo kwi uhlobo lupoposhwayo ngandlel ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, ekubeni inkoliso amaziko abolekisa ngemali kuzo zonke iindawo ezaziwayo: ngezimali kunye nolawulo lwezemali investment.

Imibutho Non-bank credit

Amaziko Non-bank credit - ezi amashishini orhwebo leyo ngokusekelwe ilayisenisi ukuba enze imisebenzi zebhanki ethile. Umgaqo nokusebenza lancitshiswa kwimisebenzi ityala, ekubeni zakhiwo amandla ngaphantsi kakhulu amaziko zemali yebhanki. Imizekelo eli qela le nkampani ziquka:

• Iinkampani ze-inshorensi. Umgaqo nokusebenza lancitshiswa ukukhupha ityala esetyenziswa yi abathengi ukuze kukhawulelwane neendleko ezingalindelekanga, uluhlu apho ikhankanyiwe kwisivumelwano. Ukuba bathenge la debentures abathengi ahlawule insurance premium. Umahluko phakathi kwesixa-mali ka-inshorensi kunye neentlawulo yi tolling inshorensi (ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni), kwakunye neendleko zolawulo nkampani yenza inzuzo UK.
• imali Pension emva kwexesha elithile ukuze bafumane iimali ezivela kubaxhasi, ukudala yaye babize capital besebenza. Emva kokuthatha umhlalaphantsi le mali ezifunyenweyo umxhasi lixhomekeke izibonelelo ngenyanga. Kulo mzekelo, ummangalelwa inika akhawunti yokugcina zakho, nto leyo ibonakalisa kuphela isixa iminikelo, kodwa hayi ukunika ilungelo lokusebenzisa kubo ngokupheleleyo. Isixa sembuyekezo libalwa ngokusekelwe indlela eqhelekileyo kwaye ixesha umda a. imali yomhlalaphantsi unako ukusebenza labenza zemibutho yecandelo loluntu zemali eRashiya, kwaye njengenkampani yorhwebo yabucala.
• Pawnshops besebenza entsimini yezezimali zobuqu kunye nokuvelisa mboleko yabathengi encinane. Le mali ikhutshwa ngebheyile kuphela izacholo kunye nezinto ezixabisekileyo izinto, nto leyo kwimeko non-intlawulo yetyala uya kubanjwa yaye kuthengiswa kwifandesi. Phambi kokuphela kwexesha le-mboleko lo pawnshop unelungelo alahle kwipropati isisibambiso, umbutho unyanzelekile ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko yezinto. Income kule meko kuphela ingeniso evela izacholo, makuthengiswe ngaye, kodwa kwakhona kwi inzala kwimali-mboleko eseleyo, oko kukuthi, umthengi kufuneka ubuyele nje kuphela imali-mboleko kodwa ipesenti elimisiweyo.

amaziko Investment

Investment kwiziko lemali - iziko onceda ukutsala utyalo abaphenduli (abatyali-mali). into zotyalo-izibambiso (izabelo, iibhondi, amanqakwana promissory). indleko ingohluka ngokuxhomekeke imeko yangoku emarikeni. Kwiintlobo ngeentlobo eli qela lemibutho:

• Brokers kunye nabathengisi - abalamleli kwi imicimbi yentengiso kunye nokuthengiswa lwako, ekuqhubeni umsebenzi wabo ngokusekelwe ilayisenisi.
• Iinkampani Investment - kuba Luluntu amalungu uthembe kulawulo lwe investment kunye babo. Loo umanyano ngenxa yotyalo iipotfoliyo zabatyali-mali ngamnye kusenza sikwazi ukucutha ubungozi ku nothi.
• mali Investment - umlamleli phakathi nombolekisi obolekayo, loo iyahluka ukusuka abarhwebi oluqhelekileyo okhupha iintambo zayo, wawuqokelela kwizibonelelo phantsi uthengiso kwezinye iinkampani. Ingeniso evela kwintengiso mali izibambiso yayo ibuyiselwa ukwenzela ukuthenga kwiqhina neminye imibutho. Umahluko phakathi intengiso kunye Yathengwa Central Bank kunye mali yengeniso, yaye kwasekwa ingeniso ekupheleni konyaka-mali ngokohlobo nezahlulo isasazwe phakathi kwamalungu ayo.
• Stock Exchange - imarike stock, leyo, enyanisweni, kwaye uvelisa kwaye sinika iimeko transactions izabelo kunye namanqaku promissory.

credit

op Credit ziphakathi imibutho engekho-ngayo iibhanki, kodwa ngenxa yokuba mbutho nto ukwenza ingeniso, oko kunokunxulunyaniswa nendawo iqela eyahlukileyo. Umgaqo ukusebenza isekelwe kwi-Union-mali efanayo lungu-amazwe.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo iimanyano zeentengo zemboleko mali efanayo, leyo kuzinza liqela labantu kunye amaqumrhu kwi inkalo omnye, ezifana indawo. imibutho Credit, kwakunye kwiibhanki zorhwebo,-mboleko kwi umdla uthabathe iidipozithi ngohlobo yesibambiso. Umahluko kuphela kukuba ezi nkonzo zifumaneka kuphela kumalungu op, kwaye ipesenti mboleko elinikwe sabelwe phakathi nxaxheba ngokomlinganiselo iminikelo yabo.

MFIs kufuneka ukudala

The Great Depression, lwenzeka kwi-30 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, kwawa imarike yengingqi yaseYurophu ngenxa yeMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi, ukusilela kumazwe amaninzi ngomgangatho ngegolide, iingxaki ezininzi zengingqi nezehlabathi ngokubanzi kwithuba post-imfazwe leyo zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze kusekwe inkqubo ezisembindini ulawulo lwemali unxulumano interstate.

Ngoko ke, ngo-1944, ngenxa iintetho, leyo zazinyaswa kumazwe 29, kwagqitywa ukudala inkqubo entsha lemali - i-International Monetary Fund (MFIs). I-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) ekwacwangciswa ngayo njengesigqeba esilawulayo.

amaziko ezinkulu zemali zehlabathi

Kakade ke, ukuze likwazi ukusebenza zehlabathi ubudlelwane emali nemali MFIs kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi akwanelanga. Ukusebenza lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho ngezizwe inikezelwa yi maziko alandelayo:

• I-International Development Association (Ida), mboleko ezingekahlawulwa kumazwe asakhulayo kwi amagama kakuhle.
• International Finance Corporation - icandelo labucala lixhasa amazwe.
• International Investment Isiqinisekiso Agency - ulawula ukuhamba utyalo-mali kumazwe asaphuhlayo.
• Bank for International Settlements - cwangcisa kwintengiselwano zemali angaphandle ngamazwe phakathi iiBhanki ezingoovimba kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Kunye kunye namaziko zehlabathi jikelele kwemali kwaye lommandla:

• I-European Reconstruction and Development Bank - utsale utyalo-mali kwi-European Economic Area, kwakunye uzalisekisa imisebenzi akhawunti.
• imisebenzi zebhanki kummandla yaseYurophu - zoluntu zemali yaseYurophu.
• YaseYurophu Investment Bank.
• Asian Development Bank - libonelela mboleko ezithambileyo kumazwe Asia.
• I-African Development Bank.
• Inter-American Development Bank.
• I League of Arab States - libonelela ulwalamano kuqoqosho lwamazwe Arabhu.

isishwankathelo

Kwakunye imfuno kudala unikezelo kwimarike umthengi, ubukho exchange emali angaphandle kunye nobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho ekuchithekeni ukuvela amaziko emali, iintlobo apho iyohluka, kuxhomekeka nkcukacha yokusebenza kwabo. Abanye babo basebenza kuphela endle ezibolekisa zabucala, ngoxa abanye zibonelela ngeenkonzo ukuba amaqumrhu asemthethweni namaqumrhu karhulumente. Kulo mzekelo, amaziko zemali karhulumente, uxanduva urhulumente, zisebenza ngokunxulumene ngokusondeleyo kunye namashishini yokubolekisa zorhwebo.