Iyunithi yolawulo indawo. division zokuphatha

A Inani intsingiselo efanayo kunye nokubaluleka iingqiqo kunceda ukuchaza isakhiwo sezopolitiko ngokusesikweni ilizwe. Oku "iyunithi yolawulo-indawo" yaye "umbutho lolawulo-indawo," yaye "division zolawulo" (ATD).

Yintoni ukwahlulwa lwengingqi lizwe yaye oko kwenzeka njani?

Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-ADT yingcamango kunye nentsingiselo ngokwaneleyo ebanzi. division yolawulo ukuze isetyenziselwe njenge imaphu lizwe, eziquka izifundo ezahlukeneyo. Isicwangciso rhulumente neendawo - le incarnation lixhaphakileyo ADT, leyo, ukongeza, ubonakala njenge inkqubo kwisahlulo ngqo yelizwe ibe ziiyunithi ezahlukeneyo. Inkqubo socando lwemida kunye nokuphunyezwa ADT ziyafana kakhulu, kodwa umahluko ophambili phakathi kwabo kukuba iiyunithi lolawulo-ndawo (ATU - le nto iphambili lwesakhiwo ADT) zicwangciswe ngabasemagunyeni zoluntu. imida eqwalasele yesifundo ngasinye ayenza kuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni imithetho efanelekileyo.

Njani zezakhiwo ezopolitiko?

iyunithi yolawulo indawo kweli lizwe bendisoloko ndicinga loo mmandla. Okwa ukwahlula olawulo athatyathiweyo inkqubo ngokomthamo ukuba isebenza kuphela ngendlela oluneqela elinegunya. Njengoko "unodoli oluzalela" inkqubo ADT i amanqanaba zolawulo ezininzi. Kwinqanaba ngalinye, kukho isakhiwo zayo zolawulo okanye zezopolitiko.

Zizo zonke iiyunithi lwengingqi yokuqala, eyesibini, umyalelo wesithathu, njl, wayalela inkqubo ADT, okufana onke amazwe mihla. Icandelo zibe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngawo onke amaxesha kuba ngamaxesha athile, indawo isidanga zintsonkothe kunye nokunatyiswa. Esitalini division yokuphatha-indawo esisigxina luphawu kuphela karhulumente mihla. Ngelo xesha, phantsi ukufika nga kuqwalaselwa ukusasazwa kummandla zeli lizwe kunye kwintsalela luncinane okanye akukho kwinqanaba ezisemthethweni ngamnye, ezizimeleyo enye kwenye ziqwempu (iingingqi). Power, njengoko umthetho, ngasinye kuzo, amaxesha amaninzi limela urhulumente, kodwa iyunithi nganye ndawo olawulo athatyathiweyo unelungelo lokuba self-government okanye ukuzimela.

impembelelo Imbali kwi ukuyilwa inkqubo ADT

Division of the karhulumente kwezirekhodiweyo iindawo ezithile - simanga eneengcambu kakhulu yamandulo kunye nembali elide. Owona mzekelo omkhulu kubizwa ngokuba ATD kwisahlulo uBukhosi baseRoma kweli phondo. Ngokumalunga ixesha feudalism, kukho, phezu koko, livumela rhoqo kuthintele ukuyilwa kweeyunithi abasisigxina. Le modeli karhulumente lithetha ukwahlulwa uphawu umzi, leyo yayilawulwa ngamafama wobukhosi.
Njengoko kumlawuli welizwe kunye umnini umntu, ummeli iklasi lawo ngokuzenzekelayo umnini ekuMmandla kunye lokuphatha badla.

Ochaphazela inkqubo yolawulo ngeendawo karhulumente?

Ngokuchasene nendlela aphakathi yobomi likarhulumente, namhlanje inkqubo division yolawulo isetyenziswa yi phantse lonke ilizwe ahambele phambili. Le nguqulelo feudalism kumandla enye yaba imfuneko izicacele ukuba uhlaziyo olukhulu iindlela zendawo ethile.

Ubume kweeyunithi yolawulo-ndawo luqinisekiswa kakhulu izinto awohluke ngesakhiwo lwengingqi. Ekubeni le nkqubo, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, oko kwenziwa emva kwexesha elide kwaye ngenxa yeenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo yendaleko ukuba yolawulo iyunithi indawo ukuze lisekwa superposing ngamaqondo eyantlukwano ezahlukeneyo imvelaphi. Ngokukodwa, i-District Russian Regional nganye imela indibanisela izakhiwo:

• ethnocultural;
• imbali;
• kwezentlalo nezopolitiko;
• ezoqoqosho;
• zendalo-zejografi.

Yohlanga njengomba ekubunjweni kwemida ezifunda kwiingingqi

Kuba inkqubo njengeyunithi ADT indima eyahlukileyo ebalulekileyo edlalwa yimiba ngokobuzwe nenkcubeko. Ngomhla kummandla karhulumente Russian, lo mgaqo a esisiseko. A phawu uphawu ukuyilwa kwiindawo zobuzwe nezenkcubeko kukuba abunjwe ngokuzimeleyo intando amanani ngamandla amakhulu, iminqweno yabo. ilinki nganye kwinkqubo ADT ezisekelwe kulo mgaqo, inophawu lokuchonga emele isakhiwo iseli ngokukhawuleza yengingqi.

Noko ke, engafuni ukuvela abavakalelwa obuzimele, lo gama ongalufezekisiyo iimfuno ze abambalwa wesizwe, urhulumente kunye inani multi-yobuhlanga ngokufuthi ithintela ovela iingxaki ezinjalo ngokubeka kwindawo ethile yokuhlala uluhlu nobuhlanga abemi.
Esinye isizathu sokuba kwakhiwe kwimimandla elinabemi bolunye uhlanga ethile ekunokuthiwa ekungakwazini ukuseka umda ecacileyo eyahlula iindawo ezithile zokuhlala kwamaqela eentlanga.

Njengoko imbali iye yanefuthe inkcazelo yomntu badla?

Enye efunekayo ukuze kwakhiwe iiyunithi semida sisahlula yolawulo isekelwe phezu izinto zembali. Phakathi kwenye imo iingingqi ngokufuthi elisongiweyo kusekho ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo, ukugcina abahlali kunye nabasemagunyeni kaRhulumente, njengoko ihlonipha izithethe zesizwe. Yintoni ufowunela iyunithi yolawulo lomhlaba kabani kwintsimi ngokucacileyo ngenxa kuphuhliso kwezakhiwo oluzinzileyo, kulula ukuba ndiyaqikelela. Le ndawo kuthiwa yimbali. Kukholelwa ukuba iyunithi yolawulo-lwengingqi urhulumente ntli eli gama, ukuba imida zawo ayitshintshanga kule elidlulileyo malunga 2-3 iinkulungwane.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izinto yobudlelwane yembali kwiindawo ezithile ngokwezelizwe ekusetyenzisweni kwe-ADT ayikho nzima ukufumana kwi zezakhiwo states of the World Old. Ke ukuba imida amazwe kumaXesha Aphakathi nako ukuhlala ndawonye, ubume kwimimandla ngamnye yahlala izinzile, bafudukela kwezinye abalawuli ngohlobo lwabo lokuqala. Modern Europe, ngokutsho mbali ezininzi, ngokusekelwe kwezirekhodiweyo compact kuchaziwe iiseli ezithile zendawo nokuba feudal uhlobo karhulumente.

Ezinye izinto besahlulo lolawulo-sendawo lizwe

iimeko zentlalo-kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho kuchaphazela isakhiwo lwengingqi lizwe ayikho ngaphantsi kwe izizathu zikhankanywe apha ngasentla. siseko zokuhlala zisekelwe kwimimandla ekuthiwa-terminal. iyunithi yolawulo indawo enkulu bekusoloko indawo ephambili nondiliseko abahlali lizwe. Inkqubo 'iziko-sikwi "ibunjiwe, njengoko umthetho, ngokusekelwe zabo zokuhlala orientation geographical nolwalamano ezinzileyo phakathi kwezinye iindawo terminal.

izinto zosasazeko, ezo imigaqo kwezentlalo, ezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho ADT, kulula ukubona ukuyilwa imimandla kumazwe kunye nesakhiwo ngaphantsi iqapheleka ethno-zenkcubeko nezembali. Amaninzi ezi amazwe abaselula izixhobo amandla qela liphikisayo. Imizekelo ezinjalo sithi sibe yelizwe kumbindi-mpuma eYurophu.

iyunithi yolawulo indawo ukuze kuyilwa ngenxa yempembelelo kwi inkqubo ATD iimpawu zendalo zelizwe. Umzekelo, umzekelo ekhazimlayo isenokuba iindawo siqithi okanye entabeni karhulumente.

Iimpawu ze iyunithi yolawulo-sendawo Russia

ADT Russian Federation amaqela ibalulekileyo umbutho kwimimandla yelo lizwe. Inkqubo yonke karhulumente, lonikezelo kunye nokubekwa namaqumrhu karhulumente, amaqumrhu karhulumente wengingqi kunye nemibutho karhulumente isekelwe phezu iyantlukwano zopolitiko nezolawulo. Namhlanje, isakhiwo semida Russia kubangelwe ikakhulu isibhakabhaka esingenasiphelo karhulumente, kwakunye iintlobo enkulu indima ukuyilwa zinto batya: abahlala kuzo, uqoqosho, zendalo, ubuhlanga nenkcubeko.

Umgaqo yokwahlukana sendawo Russia

iiyunithi Administrative-sendawo Russia ngokuthobela ngokupheleleyo kunye nesakhiwo karhulumente federal. Ukongeza, ADT eRashiya olwenziwe kwenye indawo - kamasipala. Ukongeza iyantlukwano kwezolawulo ndawo eziyimfuneko ukuze kufezekiswe kakuhle Imisebenzi yolawulo kakumkani, inkqubo yokuZowuna lizwe kubandakanya ukwahlulwa ibe ziqwempu ukuphunyezwa lula kurhulumente wengingqi.

Ingakumbi ADT kwezinye iindawo kunye capital

ERashiya, ezi ndlela ukuze ubuhlobo kwisahlulo yolawulo kunye nokusasazwa oomasipala ingavezwa:

1. Ngokuhlanganisa iindlela ezimbini ukubunjwa zemimandla (ithetha ukuba oomasipala umda uza kuba ngaxeshanye imida yezithili zolawulo). Umzekelo, ukuba ulungiselelo olo echazwe eChelyabinsk ATD.
2. Ukungafani zomthetho Pheleleyo iintlobo ezimbini Iindlela ulwahlulo lwesithuba (imida iiyunithi zolawulo kunye noomasipala ingahluka). Umzekelo, kwi-Sverdlovsk kummandla ADT eveliswa ngokwale mgaqo.

Ukongeza kokwahlulwa ezahlukeneyo zezi nkalo, ezinye maleko ezongezelelweyo lunganikezelwa kwezinye kwimimandla Russia. Ngokukodwa, ikomkhulu karhulumente Russian wahlulwe ngumasipala ukuchonga iindawo (146 imimandla intracity isixeko federal) , kunye nezithili yolawulo 12.