Isimo ngokomthetho sabantu abaminyaka ingaphansti iNyaniso Russian. iimpawu ngokubanzi Inyaniso Russian nokubaluleka kwayo kwimbali yomthetho Russian

Inyaniso Russian yaba lokuqala kwemithetho kwi Rus Ancient. uhlelo yayo yokuqala ukuvela ebudeni bolawulo iNkosana Kiev Yaroslava Mudrogo kwisiqingatha sokuqala lwekhulu XI. Waba umqalisi ye-Russian PRAVDA. Ingqokelela kwakuyimfuneko ukuze amalungiselelo ubomi kwilizwe apho kukho abantu nangoku kugwetywa kwaye isonjululwe iingxabano izithethe ongabhalwanga. Bonke bephela ezibonakaliswe kumaphepha ale ingqokelela amaxwebhu.

Inkcazelo emfutshane ye Nyaniso Russian uthi icacisa inkqubo nobudlelwane kwezentlalo, ezomthetho nezoqoqosho. Ukongeza, ingqokelela iqulethe iindidi ezininzi imithetho nemigangatho (ilifa, kulwaphulo-mthetho, procedural and zorhwebo).

ngumba

Eyona njongo iphambili apho bafakwa Yaroslav Mudry nomnikelo - kukuqinisekisa ubume sabantu abaminyaka ingaphansti iNyaniso Russian. Ukuvela imithetho eyabekwa ziqhelekile yonke imibutho ephakathi yaseYurophu. Ngoko efanayo waba amakhosi karhulumente "Umthetho Salic". iincwadi zabo ngummiselo sabonakala States okungenaluzsini ezisemantla kunye British Isles. Umahluko kuphela kuxhomekeke yokuba eNtshona Yurophu, la maxwebhu badalwa kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ngaphambili (ukuqalela ukususela kwinkulungwane VI). Kwakunxibelelene nesibakala sokuba iRussia wabonakala ithi kamva wobukhosi yamaKatolika. Ngoko ke, ukudalwa kwemimiselo yezomthetho kwi nokuxubana empumalanga kwenzeka emva kweenkulungwane ezimbalwa.

Ukudalwa Inyaniso Russian

Inyaniso Ancient okanye Inyaniso Yaroslav, wabonakala 1016, xa ekugqibeleni yasekwa eyayiseKiev. Nangona kunjalo, olu xwebhu senzelwe hayi ngasezantsi eyinkunzi, nangenxa Novgorod, kuba kulapho Prince waqalisa wobukumkani bakhe. Kule ncwadana iqulethe amanqaku ikakhulu ezahlukeneyo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kodwa ke nale uluhlu lwamanqaku 18 baqalisa nokudalwa Russian PRAVDA.

Inxalenye yesibini ncwadi yapapashwa kwiminyaka embalwa. Yayibizwa ngokuba Inyaniso Yaroslav (abantwana Grand Duke) yaye yaphakamisa ubudlelwane esemthethweni phakathi kwabahlali karhulumente. Kwi-30 kwakukho amanqaku ekondleni virnikov. Ezi iziqwenga ezikhoyo uguqulelo elifutshane.

Nangona kunjalo, le iye zincediswa kwaye emva kokufa Yaroslav. Ukudalwa Inyaniso Russian waqhubeka kunye nomzukulwana wakhe Vladimir Monomakh, ngubani wakwazi ngokufutshane yokuhlanganisa fiefdoms (esondela xesha feudal ukuqhekeka) kwaye ndiwufeze Charter yayo. Waya kungena iNyaniso ende somhleli. uhlaziyo olubanzi nokwadala iiyantlukwano ezimalunga ilungelo kwipropati. Oku kungenxa yokuba eRashiya ukukhuthaza urhwebo kunye nobudlelwane emali.

iikopi ezikhoyo

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iye abalondolozwa iikopi yokuqala ye-Russian PRAVDA. historiography Domestic bafumana iikopi kamva xa yafunyanwa kwaye wafunda Vasily Tatishchev. I ikopi yokuqala uluhlu kucingwa ukuba zibekwe ngenkulungwane yokuqala Novgorod Chronicle XI. Kwakuba umthombo wolwazi kubaphandi.

Kamva, iikopi kunye nezintlu wadala de ngenkulungwane XV zifunyenwe. Iziqwenga kubo zazisetyenziswa ezahlukeneyo Kormchaia. Russian ntiyiso yayeka ukuba sihambelane kwimveliso Sudebnik Ivan III ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV.

umthetho lolwaphulo

umntu onoxanduva ulwaphulo ngokweenkcukacha ezibonakaliswe kumaphepha equlethe Russian PRAVDA. Inqaku ukulungisa umahluko phakathi ulwaphulo ngabomi okanye ngempazamo. Kwakhona alala umonakalo buthathaka kwaye inzima. Ukuze lo mlinganiselo ukuba isigqibo ilingene isohlwayo umoni uya kugwetywa.

Ngelo xesha nokuxubana nangoku benza ayilwa, oko uthetha Russian PRAVDA. Eli nqaku ubanga ukuba umntu unelungelo lokohlwaya umbulali uyise, mzalwana, nyana, njalo njalo. D. Ukuba isalamane akazange akwenze oku, urhulumente ubhengeze umvuzo 40 hryvnia ekhanda mthetho. Yiyo le ntlokoma kolawulo omdala, eminyaka zikhona. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iRussia sele wabhaptizwa, kodwa isekhona yokutyiwa era gazi yobuhedeni.

iintlobo zezohlwayo

mthetho Criminal kwakhona kubandakanya imali. I nokuxubana, baye babizwa viroy. Beza izohlwayo eRashiya ukusuka kumalungelo aseScandinavia. It Veera ekugqibeleni indawo ngokupheleleyo impi njengenyathelo yokohlwaya lolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kulinganiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke ngabafo yomntu kunye nondiliseko lwetyala. Togu Russian of Vira yimali yegazi. Yaba isohlwayo wemali, kumiselwe kumthetho yaMandulo nesiJamani zezizwe zaseJamani.

Phantsi Yaroslav viroy ebizwa isohlwayo kuphela ukubulawa indoda indoda mahala (oko kukuthi, hayi ikhoboka). Kuba umlimi Kwakumnandi 40 hryvnia. Ukuba ixhoba yindoda, lowo waba inkonzo kwenene, kabini isohlwayo.

Ukuba free indoda alimale okanye umfazi kakhulu wabulawa, umoni kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule poluvire. Oko kukuthi, ixabiso lehle ngesiqingatha - 20 hryvnia. mthetho Ngaphantsi kakhulu, ezifana ubusela, wohlwaywe yi isohlwayo encinane, nto leyo uzimisele ngamnye yinkundla.

Golovnichestvo, mkhululi

Ke kule nkcazelo Russian umthetho mthetho wabonakala golovnichestva. Yaba intlawulelo ukuba umbulali kwafuneka ukunika kusapho ubhubhileyo. Ubukhulu ugqibe ubume kwixhoba. Ngoko ke, ikhoboka elongezelelweyo losapho omuhle 5 kuphela hryvnia.

Mkhululi - olunye uhlobo lommiselo, aluhlisayo isungule inyaniso Russian. Ilungelo kurhulumente ukuba isohlwayo mthetho yolwaphulo intw komoni kwezincwadi nempahla. Kwakhona, oko ukuthumela likhoboka. Kulo mzekelo, impahla kwaba nobudlova (kungoko igama). isohlwayo kwatshintsha ngokuxhomekeka kubudala. Ke amaxhoba elawulwa unetyala ngokuphanga okanye umlilo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezibaluleke kakhulu.

isakhiwo Social

Society yahlulwa ngokweendidi eziliqela. Isimo ngokomthetho sabantu abaminyaka ingaphansti Inyaniso Russian baxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo yakhe iwonga ekuhlaleni. Le ezinawo eliphezulu kubhekwe ukuba ukwazi. Yaba Prince okuvula zakhe eziphezulu (izinduna). Ekuqaleni, koko wawagayela kumabutho omkhosi amanqindi enizinyamezelayo amandla. Yiloo igama umthetheli ubamba enkundleni. Kwakhona kuyo zonke izohlwayo-mthetho. Abakhonzi abathetheli kunye izinduna (Tiunov kunye ognischane) naye wamnika ilungelo eluntwini.

Xa inyathelo elilandelayo yabantu abakhululekileyo. I-Russian PRAVDA libinzana ekhethekileyo kulo ubume. Oku kwakuhambisana elithi "indoda". Ukuze abantu sikhululekile vigilantes abancinane, abaqokeleli izohlwayo, kwakunye nabahlali belizwe Novgorod.

amacandelo kuya oluntu

I imbi kakhulu ubume sabantu phantsi Inyaniso Russian abantu abaxhomekeke. Baye bohlulwa ngokweendidi eziliqela. Smerdy baba abalimi abaxhomekeke (kodwa iziza abo), esebenza Boyar. amakhoboka Zobomi babebizwa amakhoboka. Babengenayo impahla.

Ukuba umntu wathabatha anamatyala yaye akazange abe nexesha yakuhlawula, yena wazifumana ngendlela ekhethekileyo lobukhoboka. Yabizwa ukuthenga. Uxhomekeko olunjalo iba impahla umboleki logama nje kwaba amatyala ayo.

indawo Russian uthetha inyaniso, yaye umnqophiso efana inani. Ngaba isihloko kwesivumelwano phantsi apho abantu abaxhomekeke baya ngokuzithandela ukuze bakhonze uYehova. Babizwa ngokuba ryadovichami.

Zonke ezi ndidi labemi kwi kanye ezantsi kwileli lwentlalo. Isimo ngokomthetho labemi phantsi Russian Inyaniso olunjalo phantse yenza ubomi, kuxhomekeke lokoqobo yeli gama. Izohlwayo ngokubulala aba bantu baba engephi.

Elokuphetha sinokuthi uluntu eRashiya yayahluke kakhulu ukusuka model zakudala feudal eNtshona Yurophu. Kumazwe yamaKatolika kwinkulungwane XI indawo phambili sele okuhlala ngabantu ezinkulu, abadla engathethi ingqalelo igunya. In Russia sahlukile. Incam ye nokuxubana yaba squad Prince, owaba ukufikelela kwizibonelelo uxabisekileyo zexabiso. Isimo ngokomthetho sabantu abaminyaka ingaphansti Inyaniso Russian kwenza kubo abantu zinamandla sikarhulumente. Kwangaxeshanye, iklasi ka-mhlaba ezinkulu okwangoku ixesha ukwakha.

umthetho wangasese

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, Russian PRAVDA Yaroslava ziquka amanqaku kumthetho yabucala. Umzekelo, ukuba kuchaziwe amalungelo kunye namalungelo kwiklasi zabarhwebi, nto leyo injini lorhwebo kunye noqoqosho.

Merchant akwazi ukuhlanganyela nzala, oko kukuthi ukuba uboleke. Isohlwayo phezu kwabo Kwakhona ihlawulwe ngohlobo unaniselwano, ezifana nokutya kunye nemveliso. Nzalo bamatasa amaYuda. Ngenkulungwane XII, oku kwakhokelela yokugqabhuka kwezifo amathuba amaninzi of nokonyanywa kwamaJuda kunye kwamaJuda. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba xa, ngo-1113, Vladimir Monomakh weza kulawula e Kiev, yena kuqala wazama ukusombulula umba ukuboleka-amaYuda.

inyaniso Russian, imbali nebandakanya inani iinguqulelo, nayo kuchaphazela imiba ilifa. Charter wavumela abantu abafumana ngokuthanda iphepha.

enkantolo

abalinganiswa elipheleleyo Inyaniso Russian zilubona inqaku ezinxulumene nomthetho procedural. kulwaphulo mithetho kujongwane nayo kwinkundla njengenkosana. Yena lilawula ummeli amiselweyo abasemagunyeni. Kwezinye iimeko, babhenela ngxabano xa amacala amabini Tete-a-Tete ukungqina ukuba umsulwa. Kwakhona kuye emiselweyo umyalelo recovery isohlwayo ukusuka kumtyali.

Umntu angaya enkundleni ukuba ulahlekelwa nto. Ngokomzekelo, isoloko isetyenziswa ngabarhwebi ndinesifo ubusela. Ukuba kwisithuba ezintathu iintsuku lelahleko wakwazi ukufumana umntu walungiselela kuyo, waba ngummangalelwa enkundleni. Kwafuneka ukuzithethelela nokunika ubungqina bokuba msulwa. Kungenjalo, ukuba ahlawule isohlwayo.

Ukungqina kwimbambano ekhoyo

amangqina ekhona enkundleni. ubungqina babo kwathiwa acquis. Igama efanayo inkqubo sokukhangela engekhoyo. Ukuba yabangela kwiingxoxo ngaphandle kwesixeko okanye ekuhlaleni, isela wavuma umrhanelwa yokugqibela. Wayenelungelo lokuba ukuthethelela igama labo. Ngenxa yoko, yena unakho ukwenza isethi kwaye ufumane umntu owaphule ubusela. Ukuba akazange aphumelele, ukuba enyanzeliswa phezu kwaso isohlwayo.

AmaNgqina zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezimbini. Vidocq - abantu sikubonileyo ngawethu amehlo abo ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho (ukubulala, ubusela, njl ...). Posluhi - amangqina na ubungqina bakhe, ingxelo amarhe lungaqinisekiswanga.

Ukuba ngaba ukuphatha ukufumana naluphi na ubungqina emzimbeni we -mthetho, koko wabhenela umlinganiso wokugqibela. Oku kwaba isifungo ngokuphuzana umnqamlezo, xa athe umntu wanikela ubungqina bakhe enkundleni, hayi kuphela amandla umthetheli, kodwa kwakhona kuThixo.

Kwakhona wasebenzisa uvavanyo emanzini. Yaba uhlobo umgwebo kaThixo xa ubungqina avavanyelwe ring inyaniso dostavaniem ngamanzi abilayo. Ukuba ummangalelwa nako ukukwenza oko, wafunyanwa enetyala. E Western Yurophu, lo mkhuba ubizwa ngokuthi le nquleqhu. Abantu bacinga ukuba uThixo ayisoze inibulale indoda emkhosini.