Iprojekthi umbhuqi 956 "Sarich": iinkcukacha neefoto

Iinqanawa yale projekthi ibe yeyona enkulu eklasini yayo. Ababecwangcise ngayo ukuba zidade kukuninzi ngenxa Navy wethu. Kwahamba ababhuqi abakuluhlu lokuqala - i armada kunokuba ukugqiba yonke izithuthi. Ukongeza, i-multi-njongo iquka ukusetyenziswa ukuba ukusombulula neendidi zemisebenzi. INtloko umbhuqi "Namhlanje" (iprojekthi 956) wayelele phantsi ngowe-1975, inqanawa yokugqibela thotho yasungulwa ngasekupheleni 1993. Mahlanu iiyunithi ezicwangcisiweyo zibe inkonzo Navy USSR neRashiya lafumana 17. ezine ngomkhombe phantsi kweflegi Chinese. iinqanawa ezimbini ilondolozwe, ezimbini nqanaba langoku, ababini nangaphezulu - kweli dabi i- Northern Fleet, abanye ecinyiweyo. Yintoni isizathu sokuba loo ubunzima ngesinyithi yokusika youngish, bethelela aselwandle leeyunithi?

Kwakutheni ukuze eSoviet Union kufuneka abonakalisi ezintsha

Izizathu zokwala inani elikhulu iinqanawa yeprojekthi 956 nifunwe izihlandlo elide iphelile. Kwaba phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-ngamahlanu, kwakukho buyinto lilishwa, ngokuba emikhumbi "ngokoyiswa Khrushchev kaThixo." impumelelo ukunxila raketostroiteley lwasekhaya kwakhokelela lesayensi enkulu qhinga. Amathuba ungquzulwano jikelele lehla isiqinisekiso ngenxa wentshabalalo efanayo, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba akukho mfuneko phambi wengingqi Soviet Navy, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuba kunzima kakhulu ngaphandle phambi kwesi yokugcina iinqanawa ezinkulu. Iintshukumo squadrons, abaphangelayo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo kwiilwandle ekude bakufumanisa kunzima (ngenxa yokuba inani elincinane leeyunithi, ukwakha 'ongundoqo' zabo kwaye linika ukuxhathisa). Abathwali kwi USSR yayingakhiwanga ngenxa yeendleko zabo eziphakamileyo, ababhuqi iiprojekthi ngaphambili (pr. 30-2 no 78) Cruiser (ex. 68), wakha phantsi noStalin and "nedorezanny" Khrushchev, hayi kuphela lixesha, kodwa igugile ngokoqobo. Fleet wemvula wawufuna iinqanawa mihla yeetoni enkulu, exhobele - belingana kunye izindululi irula - i zokudubula enamandla. ngoko kuye kuqondakale ezintsha umbhuqi Project 956, kukho imfuno engxamisekileyo ethe yayingaqondwa ngokupheleleyo emva kokuba umsebenzi omkhulu-isikali "Ocean", ebanjwe entwasahlobo ka-1970.

Yintoni ingumtshabalalisi yaye kutheni uyidinga

Umbhuqi - ingqiqo a emveli kunokuba kugcwale injongo yokwenene. Kakade ke, lwam ayiphelelanga ezingalweni, kodwa isithuthi yayo injongo kunokuba amkelwa ngu navies ezininzi frigates kumgangatho wehlabathi, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, abananto ibadibanisayo kunye sailboats endala. Iprojekthi umbhuqi 956 "nesangxa '(ukuba ikhowudi) yaye ilungiselelwe ukuba enze uluhlu olubanzi yokulwa imishini, nenokuthi kungqineka kakhulu kakhulu ukuba Get (elikhulu nqanawa anti-ngwenya), yakha isiseko yiSoviet waseManzini kwi gqira emva kwexesha. Ngokusemthethweni, injongo yayo engundoqo laliqulunqwe njenge inkxaso-mlilo lihlala kuchazwe kwezithandani iithagethi ezincinane emhlabeni, ukuqinisekisa iiyunithi zokhuselo umoya kunye enomjukujelwa sehla ndilutshabalalise amaphenyane iqela senzeka. Kwakhona izicwangciso ukwabelana Get (PR. 1155), nto leyo ezisa ukusebenza kwisibini enjalo yokulwa izakhono eziphambili kakhulu ngelo xesha, i American awahlali "Spryuens". Ngokusekelwe iinjongo wadala iprojekthi umbhuqi 956. Le nqanawa Iindleko mali eninzi, oko ukwakha ngokusekelwe imfundiso eziphathekayo zokhuselo, ingakumbi xa kufikwa kuthotho enkulu.

Inkangeleko kunye nexabiso ubuxoki bayo

Kukholelwa ukuba zomkhosi izixhobo imbonakalo ayikho kubaluleke ukusebenza kwayo, kodwa oku akuyonyani. Umba yeka ukhangela iipateni kusoloko kuxhomekeke amathuba uvelisa zayichukumisa lotshaba, ukuba ukungabikho imfazwe, kungadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso impixano, mhlawumbi ukunqanda oko. Ngokusekelwe kule ndawo, ukudala, kunduluka umonakalisi projekthi 956. Le ifoto yodidi thaca Commander IMF Admiral S. G. Gorshkovu ekupheleni kuka-1971, kwaye kwavunywa ubukhulu becala ngenxa emehlweni eyoyikekayo enqanaweni, semfene umphandle kunye yokuduma ifuthe layo, leyo kwakunokubanceda bavelise silhouette yayo emva kokuba imbonakalo isitya elwandle. Ubeko, eyakhiwa ngo 1:50 isikali, abaphathi aselwandle wayethanda: liyavumelana kakhulu kunye imfundiso nkqubo angaphandle eSoviet Union kwaye iye yabonisa inkqubela kwezenzululwazi neteknoloji kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX. Kodwa ke, akuzange kube kuphela imbonakalo - babungelulanga S. G. Gorshkov, ukuze kubonakale iyonke le projekthi ukuvavanya umonakalisi 956. Iimpawu lomkhombe zazibalulekile, baye bethetha malunga ukuhamba kakhulu.

ezintsha imikhumbi

Zokuqala specialist yoyilo kwicandelo imikhumbi ethandiweyo nezamkelekileyo kuphela. Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale imbonakalo yangaphandle enqanaweni waba izindlu ezigungxulwayo, isaphetha yayo yodwa, nokusetyenziswa ngempumelelo izixhobo zokudubula komlilo engundoqo, indawo kweenkqubo air ukuziphendulela emacaleni (ezizise amathuba amahle zokusingatha ithala) kunye eriyali indawo eliphezulu radar (ngokuba survey engcono radar). ubude Hull mda umthamo shipyards ndabatyala. A. A. Zhdanova maze mayingagqithi kweemitha 146 kunye nobubanzi m-17. Uphuhliso ideology eqhelekileyo imikhumbi inqanawa baba kuqala kusetyenziswa ubugcisa ezininzi. Akha isaphetha kokubuza non engacimekiyo (ukuya amanqaku 7 uchulumanco) counter yomtshangatshangiso, ibhodi salwenza kunye kumphezulu ezinjengokwaphuka kabini ukunciphisa ukubonakala. Bekukho nezinye iimpawu ezahlula iprojekthi umbhuqi 956 Imizobo ube kwenziwe ngokungqinelana ne tye kungakhathaliseki imisele zabo, nto leyo iphucula kakhulu workability yofakelo. Izindlu wohlulwe elinesihlanu amagumbi manzi, baqubude "onamaqhakuva" inxalenye ehamba iyenza ithambe nje kuphela, kodwa isebenza ukuba siqulathe hydroacoustics post (CIM-335MS, sinzima "Platinum). Esisiso isicelo izinto yokuqaqadeka amandla kwiindawo ntshikilelo eliphezulu.

isityalo amandla

Bobubi olu ngcelele iinqanawa ezaziwayo ziingcali cinga isityalo amandla lixesha. Kuba oku isizathu. Xa ukhetha uhlobo turbine S. G. Gorshkov kukhethwa kwisiphaluka kwibhoyila, uchasa igesi. Oku kwenziwa phantsi kwempembelelo waseUSSR uMphathiswa imikhumbi B. E. Butomy, imbono waqiqa umthwalo omkhulu woMzantsi turbine yezityalo kunye nento yokuba ubonelelo oil amafutha ukuba azinze kwixesha elithile ziya kuba lula ngakumbi le diesel. Ngenxa yoko, umonakalisi Project 956 yafakwa kunye amawele izityalo kwibhoyila-injini kunye umthamo opheleleyo we-100 lamawaka. Iilitha. a. Namhlanje kunzima ukunika uhlolo olubanzi bathethe kakhulu ngakwicala ngesi sigqibo okanye nxamnye nayo. Inyaniso kukuba kwi-70 ekuqaleni kwabakho projekthi yebhongo ukwenza revolution nomba uzobe olwenziwe KTU ramjet, ukuba uphumelele, uthembisa ukuba yodwa, kodwa asiphumelelanga. Ekugqibeleni, kwafuneka ukuba sikhe kwi boilers eziqhelekileyo abadala oluphezulu koxinzelelo, zitshekishwe kunye, ngokubanzi, embi kakhulu. Kwaye enye ingxabano inceba yabo, lasinga cheapness ekhoyo oil amafutha. World amandla ubunzima yachukumisa kunye USSR.

sekhe

Underestimating iminyaka ngeminyaka indima zokudubula kwindawo yokubonela namazibuko ngamajoni kwakhokelela CB "Sevmash" ingalo umbhuqi "Namhlanje" (Project 956) ngeeyunithi kukhatshwa ezimbini AK-130, baxhotyiswa "Leo-218" iinkqubo zolawulo kwamajelo (MP-184). emigodini isikhokelo ngokusekelwe kweenkcukacha ezifakwe ngumfaki-somfumani radar lomqolo (laser) kunye nezixhobo umabonwakude, yaye alungiswa badubula iparameters computer yedijithali. Izinga imishini feed iimbumbulu ifikelela RDS 90. / min, umgama lidlula km 24. Ngu zokudubula amandla umbhuqi projekthi kune 956 Zempi ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I, nto leyo akabanga nanyana bambi ngaphandle shaka izixhobo. Weight kusiwa amaqokobhe kweli qondo (umzuzu omnye) yeyona ngaphezu kweetoni ezintandathu.

agents zokudubula Anti-moya Laliwukhusela ekujoliswe entsonkothileyo (kubandakanywa imijukujelwa imikhumbi) yaye iveza kwizakhiwo ezimbini abekwe akwimiganyana pobortno 30mm AK-630M. Ezi zicwangciso ziquka inkqubo olupholisa ngamanzi-umphanda ezintandathu balawulwa esizisebenzelayo "pennant". Ukuba uyakwazi ukubetha izinto-high speed kumgama km-4 kunye ngereyithi wamawaka 4. Imijikelo ngomzuzu.

amagalelo

Evuthayo umbhuqi "nesangxa 'yenzelwe ukujongana neethagethi lomoya nolwandle. Complex "Hurricane" (kwiinguqulelo kamva "iNkanyamba Potente") lixhotyiswe omnye izindululi umqadi ube mnye, ukudubula ZURami. Kwimeko nganye kwezi iimbumbulu ezimbini DB - 48 jet waqondisa imijukujelwa. "Yenkanyamba" - isixhobo iphela, kuba kakhulu efanelekileyo ngenxa yokwaphuka iinqanawa umphezulu yeetoni ezincinane (umzekelo, enomjukujelwa okanye izikhephe inomzimba). Inani ekujoliswe kulandelwa batshatyalaliswa - ukuya kwezintandathu (xa uqalisa zonke imizuzwana 12).

Specialised antiship yokhuselo umbhuqi project 956 ente "ingcongconi" ( "Mosquito-M") ezintsonkothileyo, ZM-82 ifakwe imijukujelwa. izityalo ezimbini, ukuba akhuselwe phantsi komqathango, elowo equlethe projectile ezine. Complex ukulwa radius yi-120 km (170 kwi "Mosquito-M"). Izikhali supersonic (M = 3), ubunzima iziqhushumbisi kwindawo zokudubula ngesitya gumbi - quintal ezintathu. Zonke ezisibhozo ZM-82 ingakhutshwa kwisithuba isiqingatha iqela umzuzu wokudubula kweenkqubo zokulawula nqanawa.

Imigomo yesevisi

"Nesangxa 'kakuhle neenqanawa ezininzi lwaphela nokuphucula iimeko yokuhlala. Umbhuqi mayixhotyiswe microclimate ukufakwa elilodwa ngokubonelela umoya ekhululekile kwindawo lobushushu lwangaphandle ukusuka -25 ° C ukuya +34 ° C. Kuba abanye afuna abasebenzi bakhonza 16 forecastles izakhono zabantu-10 ukuya kuma-25 ngexesha elinye yonke matiloshe kufuneka indawo enkulu ngaphezu m² 3. uWarrant (kane) kunye negosa (single kwaye kabini) kufuneka ezingontsini 10 square metres. m. wardroom banzi ezimbini namagumbi amathathu okudlela ukutya. On ibhodi kukho yonke into ufuna ukuhlala kude kunxweme lwabo lweenkobe: cinema, cable TV, ithala leencwadi, unomathotholo lwangaphakathi, iishawa bekhululekile, yokugquma. Xa imozulu ishushu kakhulu, ngokwemiyalelo umphathi wenqanawa lungakhiwa pool.

Ngaphakathi unit kukho kwikliniki yonyango, igumbi yokwambathisa, isibhedlele kunye yokusebenza kabini.

Iimeko yokuhlala kunye nentuthuzelo kwi ababhuqi Project 956 ongekho ngaphantsi kwimigangatho amazwe, nokwadala anokubanakho kothunyelo kumazwe yezi nqanawa.

ezinzima

Le projekthi wadalwa kuphela ukusetyenziswa ngaphakathi, naphambi ekuweni eSoviet Union sentengiso weenqanawa olu hlobo kwakungekho nkqu umbuzo. Elinesine abagungxuli wajoyina Navy yiSoviet kwixesha leminyaka 1976-1881, nganye kuzo ngokusekelwe avareji yeminyaka emine. Iinqanawa zifika i-North (ezintandathu) kunye Pacific (ezisibhozo) azinakulawuleka bathatha inxaxheba enkulu-isikali umthambo yomkhosi wamanzi, ukwenza uhambo olude, notyelelo ngobubele kumazibuko angaphandle.

Kwiminyaka yokugqibela Soviet kwaye kwangoko emva kokuwa USSR ntsha yonke loo meko. Kabukhali ekuncipheni kwemali karhulumente. Umxholo wenqanawa yokulwa akuthethi angene ngemali. Kule minyaka ilishumi, kwabuzwa icinyiwe, wahlala phakathi baphangi ezintlanu olu hlobo, abanye wachithwa okanye mothballed. "Admiral Ushakov" Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva (ngo-2011), ukulwa nkonzo wenza eMntla Fleet uye Project 956 umbhuqi enye kuphela. "Okuqhubekekayo" yaba aziwa kwiBaltic Fleet, yaye "Quick" yayimi kwi-Pacific Ocean. Kukho ezintathu kuphela inqanawa elinesixhenxe ezikhoyo yakhiwa.

Ngeli xesha, uninzi iinkqubo kwezixhobo kwibakala "Sarich" kuphelelwa. A maxesha ezicwangcisiweyo Project 956 ababhuqi kunye imijukujelwa iza ngokutsha Kuthathwa-kunye neenkqubo ezintsha yokhuselo lomoya ngezikhali. replacement Kufuneka kwaye anti-inomzimba yokuzikhusela. Xa iimpawu Ukuphathwa efanayo abonakalisi balunge kakhulu. RANGE ngokwawo nge 4.5 amawaka. Miles, isantya esiphezulu kunye enamandla kwi-ibhodi zokudubula ukukhuthaza bempi fleet ukuba ayeke nokurhoxa epheleleyo beempahla kwinkonzo.

Langoku ezithunyelwa

nqanawa engagqitywanga ezimbini, wafumana kungekabekwa igama "Kubalulekile" yaye "kakuhle", emva koko igama "Ekaterinburg" yaye "Alexander Nevsky", Ekuveleni iwaka leminyaka zagqitywa babethengisa China. Le projekthi ukusebenza kwamanye amazwe uye utshintsho wafumana ikhowudi 956 E. Amagama iinqanawa Chinese - "Hangzhou" yaye "Fuzhou", baba ukususela ku-2000 ukuya ngoku njengenxalenye eMpuma Naval Fleet of Abantu Liberation Army of China. Maxesha Project 956 abonakalisi oluthi "E" (kwamanye amazwe) ezinxulumene kuphela izityalo amandla ezinye iinkqubo nezixhobo.

iinguqu kakhulu zenziwa ezilandelayo iiyunithi ezimbini eyenzelwe weenqanawa Chinese. 956EM project umchithi yahlukile ukuguqulwa i "E" ubukhulu, imijukujelwa anti-emkhombeni kuluhlu eyandisiweyo "Mosquito-KUM" (arholwe iithagethi kumgama oyi-200 km) kunye ezintsha iiyunithi enomjukujelwa kunye zokudubula anti-moya "Chestnut". Yeendonga zokungqinga gun aft indawo ntaka yokuma. Ngenxa yale projekthi, ababhuqi ezimbini ( "Taizhou" yaye "Ningbo") yakhiwa ngo-2005 no-2006.

Ukuba intengiso neempahla ezimbini zokuqala PRC wacacisa ikakhulu esimbaxa imeko yemali post-lokuqala xesha, isivumelwano sokubonelela kwisibini elandelayo angabizwa ekusebenzeni angaphandle ngempumelelo. Embindini elishumi yokuqala kwinkulungwane entsha sele ekhona kwinkqubo umgca Ukuphuculwa imikhosi Russian exhobileyo, kuquka weenqanawa le. Ngelo xesha, iinqanawa eyenzelwe phambili ngaphezu Project umbhuqi 956, nto leyo eye ifoto lu dityanisiwe zaphawula adlulileyo. superstructure Kuku kunye eriyali ezininzi ngokuvisisana ukubonakala azinakulawuleka zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Phela, China iye bungalahleki kwesinomhlwa, wathenga iiyunithi yokulwa enamandla kwaye ithembekile, imigudu Navy wakhe.