Ipowusta - Yintoni le? Meaning kunye neentlobo yeepowusta

Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, ipowusta - yinto uqhelene noko ujongene umntu izihlandlo eziliqela ngemini ngoko baye bafunda ukuba ngoyaba oko. Noko ke, kwiminyaka eli-100 kuphela eyadlulayo le nto yaba lokuqhayisa yaye wonk 'ubani okubonayo, ukuyeka bomntu kwaye nikholwe yonk' into eye ezibhaliweyo kuyo. Njani le powusta? Yintoni na? Ziziphi iintlobo yeephowusta apho? Sazise malunga noko.

Intsingiselo yegama elithi "poster"

Okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda inkcazelo yesibizo ingqalelo.

Poster ebizwa intengiso okanye umfanekiso buvuvu, sikhatshwe isicatshulwa encinane okanye isilogeni elifutshane. Njengomgaqo, iipowusta ziveliswa ngeendlela ezinkulu ukusuka A3.

Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa ipowusta okanye iipowusta.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, le mifanekiso zixhonywe iindonga, neengcango izakhiwo okanye kwiindawo ukulimela. Ezinye iipowusta abalandeli okleivayut kumakhaya abo.

Ngengqiqo emxinwa ngakumbi loo gama kubonisa uhlobo oluthile yemizobo.

Kwakhona, le lesibizo omnye wabizwa wabavakalisi edume USSR buvuvu, wayekho ukususela 70s ephakathi ukuya 2006. Ebudeni beli xesha, "Poster" ezikhethekileyo hayi kuphela umba yemveliso eponymous, kodwa ukushicilela postcards, portraits, iifoto, njl . n.

Le etymology kwexesha uphononongwayo,

Fumanisa iimpendulo lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na - ipowusta", kubalulekile ngokuqwalasela imvelaphi sesibizo.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala kulwimi Russian igama sabhalwa ngo-1704 de kube sekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, Noko ke, kwakwenziwa ngenkuthalo.

In Russian Kwathi kwisiLatini, isiFrentshi neelwimi German. Ukutshona kwelanga Abemi baseRoma badla ukusebenzisa placatum elithi, lowo kuthiwa ad.

Emva namakhulu ambalwa abhalwe ngolwimi French kwabunjwa ukusuka plaquer kwisenzi placatum ( «naleplyat into"). Kwaye yena, naye, negalelo ekuveleni ngomlomo lesibizo ibhodi.

Ukususela kwikota French iye ukubolekwa amaJamani kwaye modified - das Plakat. Kungenxa kule fomu sesibizo waba kulwimi Russian, kwaye iye yasinda unanamhla.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ulwazi olunomdla: e-France kwikota namhlanje ibhodi lisetyenziswa kunqabile, endaweni eyona igama affich. Kumazwe IsiNgesi abathetha ibizwa ngokuba le powusta.

iimpawu poster

Umfanekiso yale hlobo lineqela lweempawu ezizodwa kulahlula kwezinye iimveliso yoshicilelo.

Okokuqala, oku injongo yona wadalwa: ukutsala ingqalelo yabanye kunye nokubazisa ngento ethile. Kulo mba, iiphowusta kunye imibhalo phezu kwazo zidla wenza ezinkulu eliqaqambileyo. Ukongeza, ukuba usebenzisa ubuncinane itekisi, kungekhona iimonitha singadinwa ukufunda elide abanike ukukwazi ukuqonda intsingiselo ngokukhawuleza.

Njengoko umthetho, umbhalo kwi iphowusta - oku ethile ngamazwi anomtsalane (ngokufuthi ngesiqalelo uburharha okanye bokudlala) kunye igama imveliso okanye inkonzo, ukuba uqaphele ukuba wenza lo mfanekiso.

Ibali kwepowusta

iipowusta ezifundisayo kunye nephulo zaye kuqala ezisetyenziswa abantu eYiputa yamandulo. Noko ke, ngoxa iipowusta babemele ukubamba amakhoboka azimelayo.

KwamaGrike AmaRoma practical ngakumbi nenkcubeko. Basebenzisa amaphetshana kunye imifanekiso nokubhaliweyo ukwazisa iziphakamiso zorhwebo, kwakunye phowusta kwindawo esemboniselweni ukwenzela yokubonela.

Ipowusta lokuqala (ngengqiqo namhlanje) lwalupayintiwe ngokomyalelo odolwe kumthengisi weencwadi British Batdolda 1482 usomashishini nayo izama kukuthengisa uhlelo olutsha 'geometry Euclidean ".

Emva koko, kwiinkulungwane eziliqela iipowusta kuye kwavela kakhulu ezinqabileyo. Noko ke, phakathi kwinkulungwane XIX. lithographer French Zhyul Shere wagqiba ukuphuhlisa uluvo Batdolda. Ngo-1866 wavula studio yakhe, iingcali ekuvelisweni iipowusta e Paris. Cheret, inkampani yaba yimpumelelo enkulu. Kuba embalwa iminyaka, uye wadala phezu amawaka zeepowusta eqaqambileyo, ukumema ukuya emiboniso okanye imiboniso. Ngalinye powusta wayo - ukuba umsebenzi ngokwenene zobugcisa, ezithi zonke ezenziwe ngesandla. Hi ndlela leyi, Cher wabeka phantsi imigaqo esisiseko ye iiphowusta yoyilo yobuciko andilahlekwanga ukufaneleka kwabo namhlanje.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX. iipowusta zibe yinxalenye ye nasiphi na isiganeko esibalulekileyo. Ngelo xesha linye ndisiba aziyi kusetyenziswa iipowusta kunye iintengiso naziphi iimpahla okanye iinkonzo.

Abahlali yoBukhosi Russian kule minyaka wayesazi pretty kakuhle ukuba le powusta. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwenkulungwane XIX kule minyaka ilishumi idluleyo. ukudalwa lomfanekiso intengiso sele zithandwa kakhulu ubukhosi. Oku kungqinwa kukuba ngeli xesha ukuba yeHlabathi lo Mboniso ka iiphowusta yaqhutyelwa eRashiya.

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX imifanekiso xakeka zokukhuthaza ziye zasetyenziswa ngokubonakalayo ngenxa ukuphazamiseka kwezopolitiko. oovulindlela Ukuba kule meko isiFrentshi yaqala kwakhona.

Ingakumbi ukwanda ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso zezopolitiko emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Wakhuthaza abantu abaselula yiya njengoko lwamavolontiya ngaphambili, kwakunye uncedo lwemali ukuze aziphazamise abemi kurhulumente, eziprintiweyo yaye luzotywe amawaka iiphowusta kuzo zonke amazwe aseYurophu.

Emva kokuba revolution ka-1917 kummandla ubukhosi yangaphambili kwiminyaka embalwa ukwenza enye kuphela uhlobo iphulo umfanekiso - poster kwezopolitiko. Ithetha ngokuphelele zonke iintloko karhulumente, ngoko ngokufuthi ezinjalo iimveliso ziveliswa kule yokugqibela yemali yakhe, endaweni wayebanika ukuba ngabemi yindlala.

Xa kuqala kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ehlabathini jikelele baye baqalisa ukuba ukupapasha iipowusta anti-zwilakhe. Okukhona saya uloyiso phezu eJamani lwamaNazi, banethemba ngaphezulu baba.

Emva kokuba ukusekwa uxolo eYurophu, amazwe amaninzi (kuqukwa i-USSR) ndinokuphinda kugxininisa ngokutsha loqoqosho yayo. Ukususela ngelo xesha kude kube namhlanje, qala ezithandwa kakhulu ukuba ukusebenzisa iipowusta nemifanekiso ephathelele iingxaki ostrosotsialnyh (butywala, likhoboka iziyobisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho), isaziso ulwazi (malunga ukutya okunempilo, yemihla ngemihla, kogonyo yaye njalo njalo. N.).

Iintlobo yeepowusta kwindawo

Ekubeni kujongwana nayo intsingiselo imbali kwale kota, kubalulekile ukunikela ingqalelo imihlobo yayo. Ngoko ke, yintoni na ezi phowusta ngenjongo kwendalo yazo?

• Advertising. Olu didi lukwaquka yeqonga kunye movie iipowusta imiboniso, iisemina, iintengiso njalo njalo. N.
• Ulwazi. Ndawo omfowunelayo, ukuthetha nje ngento ethile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi phowusta okuninzi itekisi kunye nemifanekiso ezimbalwa. Ezi ziquka monographs kunye neepowusta.
• Training. Ngokukodwa njenge ncwadi, ukhuthaza nokwenziwa ngcono kolwazi.
• Guidance. Ngendlela emfutshane noluqondakalayo kunokwenzeka ukunika inkcazelo malunga nemigaqo yokuziphatha kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo eziyingozi.
• Yezopolitiko. Bona indlela engundoqo iivoti ngexesha lonyulo.

Iintlobo yeepowusta malunga nendlela kwendalo yazo

Kwakhona, imifanekiso ulwazi zahluke endleleni leyo kwenziwa.

• Yokutsalwa ngesandla. Le fom kakhulu kunye nexesha elide iiphowusta. Namhlanje, phantse andigweqe umhleli yemizobo ekuvumela ukuba Zoba ipowusta kwi computer, uze uprinte.
• yoshicilelo Screen-isilika-screen. Ezi phowusta kwenziwa usebenzisa iseti itemplates, engabhalwanga ezifunwa yi kumdlali izakhono zabo ezizodwa yokuluka.
• Ezishicilelweyo. Eyona ndlela ziqhelekileyo kwaye elula lokudala ulwazi kunye zentengiso imifanekiso. Namhlanje, salawo zonke ezinye iindlela ngempumelelo.