Intshukumo Hussite: izizathu, nxaxheba, iziphumo, ixabiso

Czech Hussite intshukumo kwavela kwinkulungwane XV ekuqaleni. Amalungu ayo wayefuna ukuba baguqule isonto lamaKristu. Nesikunikwayo esingundoqo utshintsho yaba wezakwalizwi Czech Yan UGus, ikamva kabuhlungu kuye kwabangela ukuba avukele nemfazwe-elide engamashumi amabini.

Ukufundiswa Yana Gusa

Yan UGus wazalwa kumazantsi eli Czech Republic ngo-1369. Yena iziqu waba uprofesa kwiYunivesithi Prague. Kwakhona wamkela ububingeleli waza waba Umphathi we eBhetelehem Chapel ePrague. Yan UGus ngokukhawuleza waba ngumshumayeli ethandwayo phakathi abantu belizwe lakhe. Oku kungenxa yokuba wadibana nabantu ngolwimi Czech, ngoxa lonke Roman Catholic Church wasebenzisa Latin, leyo wayengazi izihlwele ezilula.

intshukumo Hussite kwabunjwa ngeenxa zonke ezo theses, leyo Undityhale Yan UGus, Nibuzana etroneni kapopu efanele yamaKrestu. ingcamango wenguquko Czech ezinokuthi kungathengiswa ngalo kwizikhundla imali kwezono. Enye ingxelo mshumayeli impikiswano ke ingcamango yakhe ukuba zeCawa akunampazamo kwaye kufuneka yagxekwa, kwimeko iziphene efihliweyo ngaphakathi kuyo. Ngaloo mihla amagama akanqwanqwi; kuba akukho umKristu ayikwazanga uphikise Pope kunye nababingeleli. Abantu abanjalo ziyabhalwa ngokuzenzekelayo uba-.

Kodwa UGus ngexesha ayekwe ngovuyo isohlwayo ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo, phakathi kwabantu. wenguquko Church nayo yaba utitshala. Wacela kwenziwe isilungiso oonobumba Czech ukuze kuququzelelwe inkqubo lokufunda nokubhala zabantu.

Ukufa Huss

Ngowe-1414 Yan UGus wabizelwa kwiBhunga Constance, eyayibanjelwe isixeko German kunxweme Lake Constance. Ngokusemthethweni, injongo yale ntlanganiso ukuba baxoxe kwintlekele ekwelo yamaKatolika iCawa, apho kwakukho iyantlukwano Western. Kuba phantse iminyaka engamashumi amane, kwakukho abazali nje emibini. Omnye eseRoma, enye - eFransi. Isiqingatha amazwe inkxaso lowo yamaKatolika, kwaye esinye isiqingatha - owesibini.

E UGus ndiye ndaba ungquzulwano kunye iCawa, ezama womvalela yasempahleni emfutshane, imisebenzi esalelweyo, kodwa ngenxa kuMoses, Czech umbingeleli ethandwayo wempangelo waqhubeka intshumayelo yakhe. Ukuya Constance, wafuna oqinisekisa ukuba akuyi angamchukumisi. Izithembiso zenziwa. Kodwa xa UGus waba Cathedral, wabanjwa.

I Pope wachaza oku kukuba ngokobuqu akazange anikezele nayiphi na izithembiso (waza wabanika kuphela umlawuli eyathatha). Ngu UGus ifuna ukuba balahle iimbono zakhe. Yena wala. Ngoxa yayibanjelwe eluvalelweni, zithandwa Czech wathumela yokuthumela eJamani kunye nokukhululwa nemfuno hero yayo. Ezi wabongozwa ababanga isiphumo. NgoJulayi 6, 1415 Yan UGus yatshiswa ngenxa yokuba imbuka. Esi sizathu siphambili sokuba kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe kwi Czech Republic.

Ukuqala kwimvukelo kwi Czech Republic

NeNguquko Hussite intshukumo saa kulo lonke ilizwe. Gentry (iindwalutho), nabemi kwiidolophu kartel akazange ayithande yokuligonyamela kwakho Catholic Church phezu bangoobani wesizwe. Kwakukho umahluko ukuzibophelela kwezinye izithethe zamaKristu.

Emva kokuba ukubulawa Hus injongo Hussite intshukumo ekugqibeleni ukuvela: kukukhupha Czech Republic ukususela Katolika baseJamani. Kangangexesha elithile ungquzulwano enxibe ubume. Nangona kunjalo, i Pope, kungekhona ukuze alungiselelwe kuqhathaniswa ngabaqhekeki, ibhengeze yenkolo in Moravia. amaphulo afana empi eqhelekileyo ngelo xesha. Okokuqala zoMnqamlezo ahlelwa ukuba baphinde babe Muslim ePalestina ukuyithethelela. Xa Middle East yalahleka ukuba baseYurophu, iicawa amehlo awo asinge kwiingingqi apho kwakukho ngabaqhekeki ezahlukeneyo osebenzayo okanye ezintlangeni. Le yimpumelelo kakhulu iphulo kwi aseBalti, apho ukucwangcisa ezimbini ukuya odolo emkhosini-emishini ukusuka nommandla wayo. Ngoku ke ithuba le Czech Republic ukuba asinde ayehlasela kartel kunye lukangxabalaza amalaphu anomyalezo.

Eyathatha and Yan Zhizhka

Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala intloko imfazwe umkhosi Crusaders aba woMlawuli of the Holy waseRoma eyathatha. Uye sengozini yena emehlweni Czechs ongazange ukukhusela Hus, xa loo nto bazama kwiBhunga Constance. Ke umlawuli baba ngakumbi ezithiyekileyo abemi Slavic.

intshukumo Hussite wafumana nenkokeli yalo emkhosini. Baba Yan Zhizhka. Yaba ke igosa lakomkhulu Czech, leyo sele iminyaka engaphezu kwama-60. Ngaphandle koku, wayezele amandla. Le knight wayesaziwa ngokuba umsebenzi wakhe zaqaqamba kwiinkundla zookumkani ezahlukeneyo. Ngowe-1410, wazibandakanya njengevolontiya kwi yomkhosi Polish-Lithuanian, wahlasela zenkolo German Order leTeutonic kwi Idabi Grunwald. Ekulweni waphulukana iliso lakhe lasekhohlo.

Nokuba ku Czech Republic, ebudeni imfazwe nxamnye eyathatha, Zizka imfama ngokupheleleyo, kodwa wahlala inkokheli Hussite. Yena wabetha ukwesaba kwiintshaba ngohlobo lwazo kwaye ukhohlakele. Ngowe-1420, kunye ne umphathi umkhosi 8000th weza uncedo kubemi Prague, owabagqogqayo Omnqamlezo, phakathi kwakukho uphuphu. Emva kwesi siganeko kangangexesha elithile, yonke Czech Republic yayilawulwa Hussite.

Radicals kunye amaphepha

Noko ke, kwakukho omnye ngokwecandelo bubahlulile intshukumo Hussite. Izizathu intshukumo kukugcina yokugatya ubuKatolika kunye ulawulo German phezu Czech Republic. Kungekudala wema phandle iphiko ngokugqibeleleyo, nto leyo ephethwe Zizka. abalandeli bakhe baphanga yoonongendi zamaKatolika, kusingathwa abalungiseleli ayifanelekanga. Aba bantu baye baba iintente zabo kwiNtaba yaseTabhore, ngenxa yoko kwathiwa kungekudala Taborites.

Kwangaxeshanye, intshukumo ngcathu ezazikho phakathi elaba. Amalungu alo babekulungele ndiyilahle yamaKatolika iCawa kutshintshiselwano nenye. Ngenxa ingxabano phakathi abavukeli amandla ngokukhawuleza emanyeneyo kwi Czech Republic yaphela. Lizama ukuba niwaxhaphaze koMlawuli eyathatha, owaqalisa ukuqokelela yenkolo yesibini nxamnye esikhova.

Yenkolo ekulweni elaba

Ngowe-1421 umkhosi komlawuli, nayo eziquka amaqela kartel Hungarian kwaye Polish wabuyela Czech Republic. Injongo eyathatha yaba isixeko Zatec, apho lalikhona akasekude kwiphondo waseJamani Saxony. Ukuze kuncedwe inqaba bawungqinga ke umkhosi Taborite, nto leyo elikhokelwa Yan Zhizhka. City wakwazi siwukhusele kwaye ukususela loo mini kukho imfazwe ezishiyanayo sempumelelo omabini.

Kungekudala amalungu intshukumo Hussite wafumana inkxaso evela ally engalindelekanga imikhosi Orthodox avela Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Kweli lizwe, bekukho umzabalazo kakhulu lwangaphakathi ukulondoloza ukholo endala kunye eli ligatya impembelelo yamaKatolika elalivela ePoland. Kwiminyaka embalwa Lithuanians kwaye Russian zabo zingeniswe yanceda elaba empini yawo nxamnye nomlawuli.

Ngowe-1423 elifutshane impumelelo Zizka makabe kunye nomkhosi ukuba icace ngokupheleleyo ilizwe labo, nkqu baqale angenelele elingummelwane Hungary. Elaba ifikelele lomlambo iDanube, apho walinda ukuba lasebukhosini yasekuhlaleni. Zizka akazange liye empini, waza wabuyela ekhaya.

Ukungaphumeleli e Hungary kwakhokelela ekubeni asanda eziphikisanayo leyo ukwahlula intshukumo Hussite ziloliwe. Izizathu isindululo bayalityalwa, kwaye Taborites waya emfazweni nxamnye amaphepha (nazo ngubani ngokuba Chashniki okanye Utraquists). Radicals wakwazi ukwenza i uloyiso ebalulekileyo ngoJuni 1424, emva apho elifutshane umanyano wabuyiselwa. Noko ke, ukuwa efanayo Yan Zhizhka wafa kweso sibetho. Journey kwiindawo ezingalibalekiyo le intshukumo Hussite kufuneka iquke ngokuyimfuneko kwidolophu přibyslav, apho wafela yinkokeli odumileyo Hussite. Namhlanje Zizka iqhawe yesizwe Czechs. Wafumana inani elikhulu ezikhumbuzo.

ukuqhubekeka ukulwa

Zizka indawo njengenkokheli Taborites wathabatha Prokop Enkulu. Yena ke umbingeleli sasivela ePrague uhlobo nempembelelo. Prokop waba Chashnikov kuqala, kodwa ekugqibeleni aba kunye radicals. Ukongeza, waba mkhosi olungileyo.

Ngowe-1426 Prokop wakhokela umkhosi wamajoni Taborite kunye Prague, ukuba iindonga zesixeko Ústí nad Labem, leyo yathinjwa bahlaseli Saxon. inkokeli Hussite wabazungulezisa abantu 25,000 ukuba amandla esinzulu gqitha.

Isicwangciso kunye Amaqhinga abavukeli

Kweli dabi Ústí nad Labem Prokop zisetyenziswa ngempumelelo qhinga, owayebonakele ebudeni bexesha Yana Zhizhki. Ukuqala intshukumo Hussite ungachazwa ukuba lupwa iiyunithi ezintsha umkhosi wamajoni baba abangaqeqeshelwanga kwaye akafanelekanga ukuba imfazwe, enempi ngobuchule werhuluneli. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le ngxaki yalungiswa yi yokufika abaqhankqalazi Czechs knights.

Ezintsha obalulekileyo uloliwe yonikezelo Hussite. Ngoko wabiza inqaba, eyakhiwa ukusuka iinqwelo ukukhusela indawo ngobuchule ubalulekileyo edabini. Kwaba emfazweni Czech eYurophu baqalisa ukusebenzisa imipu, kodwa wayeselapho kwimo kunokuba isintu ayikwazanga kuchaphazela kakhulu kwisiphumo edabini. Indima kweqhosha edlalwe yi-mabutho, apho uloliwe ubonelelo baba imiqobo enzima.

Ngelo WHO wabeka umpu ukuba wadubula utshaba akamvumela ukuba atyhudise iinqaba. Supply uloliwe zakhiwa kwemilo yoxande. Kwakukho iimeko rhoqo xa banduluka neenqwelo ehlabathini icandwe, elaba luncedo eyongezelelweyo elaba. Xa uloliwe unikezelo yayinokubhekisela ukuya kubantu-20, isiqingatha abathe belukuyo utolo wasibetha amahashe abasondela bemgama.

Ngenxa namaqhinga yamacebo okulwa, umkhosi Prokop ndize kwakhona ngemoto baseJamani. Emva kuliwee Ústí nad Labem, athathwe Czech iminyaka emithathu kunjalo ahlasela izihlandlo eziliqela Austria Saxony kwaye wayingqinga eVienna kunye eNuremberg,, watsho phantsi.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ngeli xesha elaba baqalisa ukuba babaxhase abameli yezikhulu Polish kunye kartel beli lizwe, nangona amagunya azo. Le ubudlelwane ifumaneka ingcaciso elula. Izibonda, ezifana Czechs, ukuba nokuxubana wayemoyika ukomeleza nempembelelo German elizweni labo. Ngoko ke, lo intshukumo Hussite, ngamafutshane, kwaba kuphela zonqulo, kodwa wazuza incasa yesizwe.

Iintetho namaKatolika

Ngowe-1431, uPopu Martin V wabiza Basel Cathedral (igama le ndawo yokuhlangana), eyenzelwe ukuba ukusombulula imbambano kunye Czechs ngenxa yokubonisana. Wasebenzisa esi sipho, nxaxheba neenkokeli intshukumo Hussite. Ukunikezwa sele lusekiwe, apho waya Basel. Kuye eyayikhokelwa Prokop Enkulu. Iintetho, apho wachitha namaKatolika, yaphela ukusilela. Amaqela ungquzulwano baye basilela ukufikelela ukusilela. Inxusa Hussite wabuyela ekhaya.

ugunyaziso Ukusilela yakhokelela kwenye uqhekeko phakathi bavukeli. Uninzi Czech yezikhulu wagqiba ukuzama kwakhona ukuthethana kunye amaKatolika, kodwa ukunikela ingqalelo umdla Taborites. Loo komsipha yokugqibela kunye sibi, abatshabalalisa intshukumo Hussite. Itheyibhile ibonisa iziganeko eziphambili enxulumene kwimvukelo Czech okhokelwa wema Chashniki kunye Taborites.

I final elaba yahlula

Taborite xa Kwazeka ukuba elaba mayimodareyithe kwakhona uzama ukufumana kwizibhambathiso ezithile kunye namaKatolika, baya Plzen, apho kwikota yamaKatolika boyiswa. Esi siganeko yaba umququ wokugqibela uninzi Czech kankosi ngubani ekugqibeleni bafika kwisivumelwano kunye Pope. Basebukhosini udinwe imfazwe leyo sele ehamba iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu. Czech Republic zisala zonakele, kunye noqoqosho wayo, nto leyo kwakuxhomekeke-ntle neepani Awunakugcinwa kwakhona kude kube kukho uxolo.

Njengomgaqo, nkosi nganye feudal ibutho yakhe encinane, eliquka kartel squad. Xa neenkamba Union kunye nezinto apho babehamba nabo amaKatolika, kwaye wamajoni Prague, xa imikhosi ezintsha 13 lamawaka iingcali kakhulu exhobileyo. Xa intloko yomkhosi bema Utraquists feudal Diviš Bořek. Kwakhona kumkhosi ivumelene elizayo Czech King George of Podebrady.

Battle of Lipan

Taborite ixhasa imizi Czech-16, kuquka naye iTabhore Zatec, Nymburk njalo njalo. Radicals D. Army nangoku elikhokelwa Prokop Omkhulu, isandla sakhe sokunene omnye mkhosi Prokop Small. Taborite phambi kokuba imfazwe kunye utshaba yakwazi ukuthatha indawo entofontofo ukuziphendulela lentaba. Prokop wayenethemba kuphumelela amaqhinga akhe Classic ukuba kwakuquka ukusetyenziswa uloliwe unikezelo, kwakunye nokufaka phantsi utshaba balwe obungahexiyo.

May 30, 1434 imikhosi ezimbini utshaba babesilwa kwidabi lokugqibela Lipan. icebo Prokop kwaphunyezwa ngempumelelo de episode ikhawuntala-ukuhlaselwa xa Taborites waqonda ukuba Utraquists uqale umva wayenza, ebakhokela kwisigxina obutofotofo.

Pana ngobusuku obandulela yedabi wabashiya ngasemva umva amahashe axhobe af. Le mabutho elinde umqondiso yokuhlaselwa ngesiquphe logama nje Taborites hayi ayengenamntu bengakhuselekanga. Okokugqibela, fresh kunye izele kartel amandla kuhlasela utshaba, kwaye radicals babuyela enkampini yakhe yokuqala. Kungekudala bawa kunye uloliwe ubonelelo. Xa ukuziphendulela ezi iinqaba babeziinkokheli wambulala Taborite - Prokop Omkhulu kunye Prokop Small. Utraquists iphumelele uloyiso isigqibo, leyo kwaphawula ukuphela iimfazwe Hussite.

mfundiso Meaning Hussite

Emva kokoyiswa kwi Idabi Lipan iphiko olukhulu ekugqibeleni woyiswa. Taborites kusekho, kodwa emva 1434 abazange, bakwazi ukuhlela mvukelo kwi efanayo emfazweni elidlulileyo. Kwi-Czech Republic kumiselwa kwizibhambathiso ezithile kunye kwavumela namaKatolika Utraquists. Utraquists utshintsho ezahlukeneyo encinane wohlelo inkonzo, kunye nememori okulungileyo uJan Hus.

Ngokubanzi, uluntu Czech iye yabuyela iwonga, nto leyo lwenzeka phambi kokuba qhankqalazo. Ngoko ke, iimfazwe Hussite akazange kungakhokelela ezinye iinguqu ezinkulu ebomini eli lizwe. Ngelo xesha, yenkolo ngokuchasene nabawexuki yabangela umonakalo omkhulu kuqoqosho Czech Republic. Central Europe kwamashumi ambalwa kokuphilisa amanxeba emfazwe.

Eminye iziphumo intshukumo Hussite zacaca kuphela kamva, xa kwakunjalo kwinkulungwane XVI, kulo lonke elaseYurophu waqalisa inkqubo uHlaziyo. Kwakukho nawo kunye nezenkolo. Emva kweMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi ngo-1618-1648 gg. kakhulu eYurophu inkululeko yonqulo. Ukuze kufikelelwe kule mpumelelo kwaye ixabiso Hussite intshukumo, nto leyo sisiqalo kuHlaziyo.

Kwimvukelo Czech yenye iisimboli yekratshi yesizwe. Kulo lonke eli lizwe, ungafumana ukuya ukhenketho, nto leyo eza kuvumela abakhenkethi ukutyelela zezikhumbuzo na intshukumo Hussite. Kwi-Czech Republic siyalixabisa inkumbulo yena amaqhawe bakhe.