Ukuwa karhulumente Old Russian: imbali, izizathu kunye neziphumo

Ukuwa karhulumente Old Russian yenye yeenkqubo zibalulekileyo kunye ebonakalayo kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni. Ukutshatyalaliswa Kievan Rus 'washiya uphawu elikhulu kwimbali eMpuma nokuxubana kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ukunika umhla wokuqala ngqo kunye nesiphelo nokuqhekeka kunzima. Eli lizwe likhulu ehlabathini phantse 2 iinkulungwane yaphela, kurhaxwa igazi iimfazwe yoluntu iyahlaselwa amazwe. Incwadi ethi "Ukuwa karhulumente Old Russian: ngokufutshane" kufuneka ukufunda kuwo onke amasebe kwimbali elalisakuba yiSoviet Union.

Iimpawu zokuqala yeentlekele

Izizathu ekuweni karhulumente Old Russian efanayo oonobangela ukuwa ithi enamandla zehlabathi lamandulo. Bafumana uzimele geqe abalawuli kombindi wedolophu emhlabeni yaba yinxalenye ngenkqubela kunye nophuhliso feudalism. Ingongoma ukuqala kungathathwa ukufa Yaroslava Mudrogo. Ngaphambi kokuba Rus yayilawulwa kubazukulwana Rurik - wayesisithethi Kolawulo Varyag kaThixo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulawulo ubukhosi zagutyungelwa zonke zikarhulumente emhlabeni. Kwimizi ngemizi enkulu ngcu omnye okanye omnye kumnombo yesibhovubhovu. Bonke ke kwafuneka ukuba ahlawule irhafu ukuya kumbindi kumhlangula squad kwimeko imfazwe okanye ukuhlaselwa kumazwe asemzini. Abasemagunyeni esembindini sadibana e Kiev, ekube kuphela yezopolitiko kodwa iziko yenkcubeko eRashiya.

kuya Kiev

Ukuwa karhulumente Old Russian, hayi engomncinane ziziphumo buthathaka Kiev. Kukho iindlela zorhwebo esitsha (umzekelo, "ukususela Vikings kwawesiGrike amaYuda"), leyo indiva ingqukuva. Kwakhona endle ezinye iinkosana baye benza okuthile zibe mbuya ezizimeleyo bayishiya Ukubiwa kobutyebi kwizwe ngokwayo, leyo ukuba babe azo odwa ukusuka kwiziko. Emva kokufa Yaroslav kwabonakala ukuba i Rurik ubukhosi omkhulu, yaye wonke ubani ufuna ukuba uyive.

abantwana abaselula ka Grand Duke wafa, yaqalisa ixesha elide imfazwe yamakhaya. Oonyana Yaroslav wazama ukwahlula phakathi kwabo Rus, ekugqibeleni iyeke urhulumente kazwelonke. izikumkani eziliqela ibhuqiwe yimfazwe. Oku kusetyenziswa Polovtsy - abantu abavela ukusuka emaqeleni esemazantsi. Bahlasela kwaye bonakalisa umda welizwe, ixesha ngalinye weqela uyagqitha. iinkosana aliqela wazama ukuba alwe kuphangwa, kodwa watsho phantsi.

World ku Liubech

Vladimir Monomakh abize nkongolo zonke iinkosana e Ljubech. Eyona njongo ephambili yale kwakusele kwiinzame zakhe zokunqanda ubutshaba olungenasiphelo maJoyane phantsi kwebhanile mnye, ukuba alwe umva le mbuya. Bonke abo babekho uyavuma. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye kwagqitywa ukutshintsha inkqubo yangaphakathi eRashiya. Ukususela ngoku, kwinkulu wafumana igunya phezu izinto zabo. Wayemelwe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kule amaphulo jikelele nokulungelelanisa izenzo zabo kunye nabanye izikumkani. Kodwa uyekwa umnikelo kunye nezinye iirhafu kweli ziko.

Loo isivumelwano inokundinqanda imfazwe yamakhaya eyabulala abantu abaninzi, kodwa catalyzed ekuqaleni ekuweni karhulumente Old Russian. Enyanisweni, Kiev uye ilahlekelwe ngamandla ayo. Kodwa waqhubeka kwiziko yenkcubeko Russia. Ezinye kummandla yahlulwe "umhlaba" 15 States (kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo lubonisa ubukho 12 ukuya 17 kwiziseko ezinjengezo). Phantse de phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-12 kuzo izilawuli 9 uxolo. itrone ngalinye baba ilifa, nto leyo eyabangela ukuvela amakhosi kula mazwe. Phakathi abamelwane eyayigcwele ubudlelwane nobuhlobo, Ke yona iMbangi Kiev waye kuseyinto "ngowokuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo".

Ngoko ke, ngokuba eKiev waqalisa nomzabalazo. iinkosana emininzi ekunokwenzeka kulawula apha komkhulu kunye nezithili. Utshintsho rhoqo amakhosi ezahlukeneyo wakhokela isixeko nasendaweni ukuhla. Omnye umzekelo yokuqala ehlabathini of the Republic Novgorod ukubusa. iingangamsha Apha nelungelo (vigilantes inzala abafumene umhlaba) ngokuqinileyo amandla ukunciphisa kakhulu impembelelo amanene. Zonke izigqibo ezingundoqo zenziwa yamatyala esizwe, kwaye "inkokeli" Umphathi eyabelwe function.

ukuhlasela

Sokonakalisa lokugqibela karhulumente Old Russian kwenzeka emva ayehlasela Mongols. Wobukhosi uqhekeko negalelo kuphuhliso amaphondo ngamnye. Emzini ngalinye ilawulwa ngqo yinkosana, apho, xa endaweni, ngokukhalipha na izimali. Oku kwamnceda ukuphucula imeko yezoqoqosho kunye nophuhliso ebonakalayo inkcubeko. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye zehla kakhulu isakhono ukukhusela Russia. Nangona Lyubechesky umhlaba ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwenzeka imfazwe zembujiswano kule okanye ulawulo. Ngenkuthalo nomtsalane izizwe Polovtsian.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-13 eRashiya kuxhonywe ingozi eyoyikekayo - ayehlasela Mongols empumalanga. Xa olu hlaselo loonothwal sasilungiselela amashumi eminyaka. Ngo-1223 kwakukho ayihlasela. Injongo yawo ukuhlola kunye familiarization kunye amajoni Russian kunye nenkcubeko. Emva koko Batu Khan izicwangciso ukuhlasela nabemi yonke laseRashiya. Esokuqala phantsi zokuhlaselwa ilizwe Ryazan. Mongols zazo eziphanzileyo kangangeeveki eziliqela.

nomonakalo

Mongols sasetyenziswa ngempumelelo imeko lwangaphakathi eRashiya. Ulawulo, nangona babephikisana omnye komnye, baba nkqubo ozimeleyo ngokupheleleyo kwaye hayi ungxamile ukunceda abanye. Wonke umntu walinda ukuba ngokoyiswa ngummelwane ukujongana nale yenzuzo. Kodwa yonke into yatshintsha emva kokutshatyalaliswa epheleleyo kwizixeko ezininzi Ryazanschine. I Mongols wasebenzisa iqhinga yokuhlasela kwilizwe ngokubanzi. Ugqogqo wathabatha inxaxheba abantu 300 ukuya 500 amawaka (kuquka amajoni, baqashwa ezizweni oyiswe) ukusuka. Nangona Russia kunokubeka hayi ngaphezulu kwe-100 lamawaka abantu abavela kuzo zonke izilawuli. imikhosi Slavic waba ukongama in izixhobo kunye amaqhinga. Nangona kunjalo, i Mongols bazama ukuphepha amadabi edluliswa kwaye ukhetha ekuhlaselweni ngokukhawuleza. Ukongama amanani wenza kube lula ukuba yokucima imizi emikhulu kwiikona ezahlukeneyo.

ukumelana

Nangona unxulumano imikhosi ka-5 ukuya ku-1, Russ wamnika ukumelana kanzima zabahlaseli. Mongol ilahleko lalilikhulu kakhulu, kodwa ngokukhawuleza kwakhona ngendleko amabanjwa. Ukuwa karhulumente Old Russian sele imisiwe ngenxa ukumanywa iinkosana isisongelo ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa kakhulu emva kwexesha. Mongols ngokukhawuleza phambili eRashiya, bonakalisa isahlulo enye ngexesha. Phakathi kwiminyaka 3 200,000th yomkhosi Batu Khan bema emasangweni Kiev. Abakhaliphileyo Russ waluthethelela Iziko leeNkcubeko kude kube ngoku, kodwa Mongols baba maxa wambi ngakumbi. Ithe ke yakuba ilondele anyukayo zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo emva kokuba kuthinjwe mzi. Ngenxa yoko, le yokugqibela edibanisa izibakala mazwe Russian - Kiev - ndiphinde ndidlale indima kweziko yenkcubeko. Ngelo xesha nye kwaqalisa iyangena zezizwe Lithuanian kwaye intaba Order Catholic German. Russia zaphela.

Imiphumo ekuweni karhulumente Old Russian

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13 phantse onke amazwe weRashiya zibe phantsi kolawulo kwezinye iintlanga. Zolotaya Orda ulawulo empumalanga, Lithuania kunye Poland - eNtshona. Izizathu ngokuwa Old buxoki karhulumente Russian kwi lokwahlulwa ukunganxibelelani kakuhle phakathi abathetheli, kwakunye imeko yezopolitiko amazwe ezimbi. Ukutshatyalaliswa karhulumente kunye nokuhlala phantsi nengcinezelo amazwe catalyzed umnqweno yokubuyisela ubunye onke amazwe Russian. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ekubunjweni umbuso onamandla eMoscow, kwandule uBukhosi Russian.