Inkcubeko YaseNdiya yakudala. Izigaba eziphambili kunye neempawu

I-Indiya ithathwa njengenye ye-foci yasendulo kwimpucuko yabantu, ibe nezinga eliphezulu leenkcubeko. Ubungqina obuninzi bokuvela kwimvelaphi yenkcubeko yenziwe kwintsimi yelizwe. Uninzi lwezinto ezifunyenwe zibhekisela kwinkqubo yokuqala, ixesha le-Paleolithic ephantsi, i-Mesolithic kwaye, ngokukodwa, i-Neolithic. Sithetha ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuzingela, iTesla, okusanhlamvu, ukuhlala kweengxube, iinwele zeempahla kunye nezinye izinto. Kuye kwafunyanwa umzobo wecala ebonisa abantu abahlukeneyo kunye nezilwanyana, kunye nokuzingela. Inkcubeko ye- Indiya yakudala yinto ekhethekileyo kwaye, ngokungathandabuzeki, inomdla.

Ukucwaninga, okwenziwe kwintlambo yoMlambo wase-Indus, kwabonisa ukuba impucuko yalapha sele isesigxina sesibini leminyaka BC. Ukongeza kwizixhobo zamatye endabuko, kwakuneempahla zethusi kunye nebhedu (iimbambo, iisethi, i-arrowheads, iinqanawa zokuloba, amaqhina, isisel, ama-saws kunye nezigulane). Abemi bafunda indlela yokutshiza ikotoni. Ubumba kunye neengubo ziye zazeka. Kwiindawo zokuhlala kwakukho izakhiwo ezimbini kunye nezithathu, kunye nokuthuthwa kwamanzi kunye neenkqubo zokubonelela ngamanzi.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini sesithathu seminyaka eyi-BC. Inkcubeko ye-Indiya yakudala ibonakalisa ukuba ulwazi lwezesayensi luqalise ukwenza. Kukho ulwimi olubhaliweyo, ezolimo, ubunqamnyama, iyeza, i-geometry, kunye ne-chess eyakhelwe.

Ukunyuka okwenyaniso kunye neentyantyambo zinekhulu lesine nelesibini. BC, xa ubukhosi baseGupt noMauryev babusa. Iingcali zenzululwazi zenze i -calculus ye-calculus, i -digital yeline-algebra, i-arithmetic, i-trigonometry, i-astronomy.

Ngeli thuba isayensi kunye nenkcubeko ye-Indiya yakudala yongezwa ngolwazi lwe-chemistry. Oku kwenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukulungiselela amalungiselelo enzima ukusuka kwi-mercury, izityambo zetsimbi, i-samente, i-perfume, iziyobisi, amapende, i-acids, njalo njalo.

Ulwazi olwenziwe lunegalelo ekudalweni kwempucuko yanamhlanje.

Inkcubeko yobugcisa baseNdiya yakudala yaqala ukuphuhlisa ngokugqibeleleyo ekupheleni kweyesibini - ukuqala kwe-millennium yokuqala BC. Phakathi kwezikhumbuzo zeencwadi kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele iVedas, iincwadi zeVedic, "Iinkcubeko ezingcwele", i-sutras (inkqubo yeengcebiso zokuqhuba imiyalelo yesigqibo, imithetho kunye nemithetho yokuphila kwasekhaya), kunye neentlobo zeencwadi ezipapa. Ngesiseko senkcubeko kunye nemifanekiso yabantu, iidrama eziyingqayizivele kunye neengoma eziqingqiweyo zenziwe.

Inkcubeko ye-Indiya yakudala iyaziwayo emhlabeni wonke kwaye igcine ingumculo wayo oyingqayizivele, onobumbano womculo kunye nomculo onomculo, ohamba kunye nemibonakalo yobuso, imidanso kunye nempawu.

Ubungakanani bokugqibelela yiesampuli zobugcisa obuhle (iifrescoes, umfanekiso wesakhiwo kunye nobugcisa bezobugcisa), kwakunye nezobugcisa ezizodwa. Iifayili ezisetyenzisiweyo zihambelana nobuncwane, ukucacisa, ukungafani kwemifanekiso, izisombululo zobunono obuqilima, ukuhlukahluka kunye nobunzima bokubunjwa.

Iimpawu zenkcubeko ye-Indiya yakudala yabizwa ngakumbi xa ubuBuddha besasazeka kweli lizwe. Unqulo olutsha lukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwesakhiwo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zonqulo: amatempile emangcwaba, iintsika ze-monolithic, izithixo zeothixo njalonjalo.

Ngokuphuhliswa kweenkcubeko nezenzululwazi, isakhiwo semveli yakudala yaseNdiya saqala ukutshintsha. Oku kwakhokelela ekubenihluko ogqithisileyo kunye nokuqulunqwa okuqinileyo kweli lizwe. Kwakusekelwe kuphela kwimvelaphi yentlalo kunye nemvelo yomsebenzi. Ngaphezulu, oku kwakhokelela ekubunzeni amaqela avaliweyo:

• IiVarnas ezine zabiwe ngokwemihlaba;
• Ngomsebenzi wobungcali - ezintathu kunye nesiqingatha samawaka ama-castes.

Inkcubeko yaseIndiya iyahlala iyodwa ngenxa yeengcambu zayo zasendulo nezangaphambili. Wakwazi ukugcina loo mpawu eyenza ibe yilizwe kwaye liyabonakala kwihlabathi lonke.