Ingxaki yokuba bulumko kunye nendlela soqulunqo yayo kudala

Ingxaki yokuba kwimbali nefilosofi eyona miba kuxoxwa. Le ukubethabethana ngayo le nto ingabonwa xa uthelekisa iingongoma ezimbini kwimboniselo. Okokuqala, ngokwembono sobulumko yamandulo Parmenides, ngubani yawona yokuqala yesiGrike wabuza umbuzo wokuba njengoko ingqibelelo ethile, wafika kwisigqibo sokuba nayiphi na ingcamango yethu - lokuba, yaye ngoko non-ubukho ayikho. Kukho nezinye izimvo, i-ebizwa ngokuba "khangela Hamlet", uyavuma ngokuthi and non-ntle (ukuba okanye hayi ukuba). Kule ngxoxo obungunaphakade kunokubonwa iinkalo ezimbini: 1) le dialectics yokuba kunye yize, kwaye 2) nenkalo nangobunto kwaye ebomini 'ukuba' le mbono.

Ukongeza, ingxaki yokuba bulumko ivula yonke uthotho neminye imiba impikiswano, ezifana: nokuba ubukho ndawo olufanelekileyo umanyano ehlabathini, okanye uhlobo oluthile karhulumente lithi "langoku engunaphakade" apho? Ingaba unayo ekuqaleni nasekupheleni bobukho? It ikhona ngaphandle ezingqondweni zethu, okanye ngaba imveliso? IGenesis - yinto nje izwe esiphila kunye nezinto okanye into enzulu? EYEZIQALO - kukuba siyazi ngqo okanye isiseko enye engatshintshiyo bonke ubukho, kukho uhlobo ukuze kwinkqubo lomhlaba? Kwi imibuzo kokuba zingeniswe ngesandla enye maxa wambi kulula kakhulu ukuthetha kubo, ngenxa yokuba wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba kuthetha ntoni "ukuba", kodwa inkcazelo ecacileyo eli gama liye isoloko batsho abaphandi.

Ingxaki yokuba bulumko lusoloko ebuziweyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke ixesha elithile kunye noluntu. Nokuba ebudeni bolawulo ezingqondweni wentsomi inkcubeko nobu-, nini, ngokoluvo Levy-Bruhl, abantu baziva patritsipatsiyu (ubunini), ihlabathi endalo yaye abazange nokuhlalutya isenzeko waza wabaxelela amabali (iintsomi), ezininzi yezi ntsomi simisela ukuba ngaphantsi ezithile yobukho: Ngubani owadala ihlabathi abawusekelayo ukuze, yintoni na indawo mntu kulo. Ukutshona kwelanga, abantu era wentsomi ziye iindlela ezimbini kule ngxaki - abathetha kakhulu, empuma nasentshona. indlela Eastern lwaluquka ekuguquleni intsomi ibe bulumko, kwaye Western - ekugxothweni kuye bulumko yi uhlalutyo.

Ingxaki yokuba kule bulumko yamandulo elisempuma sele isonjululwe ngeendlela ezimbini. Kwakubonakala ngathi ngokupheleleyo, esizibonakalisa ehlabathini, yaye ihlabathi wabona ngomfanekiso wakhe waseMelika. Enye indlela umbono wayichaza ngokuthi 'ezele yanto ", apho umzuzu zonke kubonisa ngokwayo ehlabathini. Kwi-West, esondele lwalo lokuqala nokuqonda lo mba bulumko eMpuma kwaba uPlato. East zacebisa imbali-bulumko wamvusayo ingxaki oThixo kunye ubukho akuyonyani, ukukhohlisa kunye langoku. Lo bulumko wasentshona wayeyixhalabele nangakumbi malunga iimpawu yokuba - kodwa ubunye ngezifo okanye umanyano, obuziintlobo ezininzi, indalo okanye imfundiso. zobulumko zamaGrike (inabe, Anaksimen, Anaksimandr) egqalwa njengendawo wafuna nangemigaqo yawo ezisisiseko (amanzi, umoya, apeiron ...). Kwakhona wayezibuza ukuba ukuba gqolo nokuba ngokwayo efanayo (yakuthobela oku, phantse zonke isithethe ngesiGrike) okanye "ulwelo" yaye "abe" (Heraclitus, Empedocles, Neoplatonists).

Sinokuthi ingxaki yokuba-bulumko yamandulo, kwaye sambathe ulwalamano yokuba nemvisiswano. Xa zobulumko Greece yamandulo, yonke ukuvumelana nje (inabe, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Empedocles) kunye ebonakaliswa ulingano kunye repeatability. Umntu kufuneka angenise kule ngokuvana, kwaye umphefumlo wakhe uya kwenza ngengqiqo. zobulumko zamaGrike kuqala avume ebelawula kwizithethe zeentanda-bulumko obeza ukuqonda ihlabathi njengoko omiweyo ngoomoya, apho zonke senzeko waye ngaxeshanye ukuba uhlobo "kuwe." Baphendula ihlabathi i "Kubhaliwe", kodwa intsomi ophilayo indawo ukucinga yohlalutyo. Le mbono "ukuba" baye benza ingqiqo ka "kweziyobisi".

Ukusuka kule ndawo yokuba ingxaki kwi -bulumko yamandulo eGrisi naseRoma kamva sibe ingasombululwa, kuthathelwa ingqalelo into ngokwenene ukuba. Ezinye iinkcuba bakholelwa ukuba kondoqo (Democritus), kunye nabanye - ukuba ayinamsebenzi (uPlato). Anaksagor ingcamango vydvynul ukuba iqulathe homoeomeries (amasuntswana ngamabona ngaku) kunye Demokrit - nalowo ayahlukahlukenanga ngamasuntswana atom. Pythagoras, uPlato noAristotle wenza iinzame ukudibanisa ingqikelelo ngokuvisisana nje nge isakhiwo ethile oluneqela elinegunya (UPlato babecinga kuyo yephiramidi, uAristotle, ngokohlobo amanyathelo, kaPythagoras - ngokohlobo nobugqi lweMathematika - geotetrizma). Nangona kunjalo, lo bulumko bamandulo babecinga ukuba elibujikele, phindo. Sinokuthi ukuba yaphakamisa umbuzo ubudlelwane phakathi kokuba ne yize, kodwa okwangoku wacinga ngobomi namaxesha zonxibelelwano. Kwaba phezu kwala maxesha alandelayo.