Ingakumbi i-enzayim: iintlobo kunye neempawu amanyathelo

Igama elithi "enzyme" nesinempandla Latin. Eguqulelwe lithetha "ezinegwele". I IsiNgesi wasebenzisa igama elithi "enzyme", livela igama lesiGrike elithetha into enye. Enzyme ebizwa neeproteni ezizodwa. Bona eqalisiweyo iiseli kwaye uyakwazi ukukhawulezisa ikhosi kweenkqubo nemvelo. Ngamanye amazwi, benza njengoko ehlanganisa eziphilayo. ngakumbi Cinga emele Okukodwa enqanda. также будут описаны в статье. Iintlobo Okukodwa ziya kuchazwa kwinqaku.

iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ukubonakalalisa umsebenzi ekujonganeni ezithile enzayim kubangwa bubukho eziliqela iikhompawundi of non-protein indalo. Ewe kuthiwa cofactors. Zahlula-hlulwe ngamaqela amabini: ion zesinyithi, kwaye inani kwezinto ezingaphiliyo ngokunjalo coenzymes (organic).

mechanism umsebenzi

Ngokwemvelo yemizimba yethu, enzyme iqela iiprothini. Nakuba kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo le yokugqibela, izinto ekuthethwa ziqulathe kwisiza esebenzayo. It is a neseti amaqela asebenzayo zeentsalela acid acid. Bona otyekele ngqongqo isithuba ngenxa isakhiwo ephakamileyo okanye koqeqesho lwe enzyme. Xa isayithi esebenzayo lweziza ukukhululwa iza kunye zeendawana. Last - nto kungenxa Okukodwa enqanda. Le zeendawana ke into enza izinto protini. Kuqala wacinga ukuba intsebenziswano yabo olwenziwe i "yokutshixa kunye key". Ngamanye amazwi, isiza esebenzayo kufuneka ngokusondeleyo utshatise zeendawana. Kungoku kulawulwa hypothesis eyahlukileyo. Kucingelwa ukuba ekuqaleni akukho umdlalo ngqo, kodwa kubonakala ebudeni intsebenziswano kwezinto. Okwesibini - kuvala - isayithi kuchaphazela ingakumbi amanyathelo. Ngamanye amazwi, sichaza uhlobo basabela okukhawulezileyo.

isakhiwo

Zonke enzyme zahlulwe olulodwa kunye candelo-anababini. Befundisi isakhiwo esifanayo isakhiwo kweziyi ezilula. Bathi ziqulathe kuphela acid. iqela lesibini - proteid - kuquka protein non-protein nesabelo. Last izenzo coenzyme kuqala - apoenzyme. Last kugqiba zeendawana ingakumbi enzyme. Oko kukuthi, lenza umsebenzi kwicandelo zeendawana kulo kwisiza esebenzayo. Coenzyme, ngokulandelelana, ukhonza kummandla encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Oku kubandakanya ingakumbi amanyathelo. Njengoko inokufana coenzymes iivithamini, izinyithi, kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ephantsi ubunzima eziphilayo.

catalysis

Ukwenzeka kwe nayiphi imichiza asabela ngenxa ingozi yokuba iimolekyuli lokunxibelelana izinto. intshukumo yabo kwinkqubo umiselwa bubukho lamandla free. ekudibaneni kwemichiza kufuneka iimolekyuli wathabatha urhulumente yenguqu. Ngamanye amagama, kufuneka babe namandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba abapasa i umqobo amandla. Umele imali ubuncinane amandla ukuba adlulisele zonke iimolekyuli reactivity. Zonke ehlanganisa, enzayim kuquka, bakwazi ukunciphisa amandla umqobo. Oku kunegalelo inkqubela olukhawulezisiweyo basabela njani.

Koko ivela Okukodwa enqanda?

Le ikhono kuboniswa ekukhawuleziseni kuphela yokusabela ethile. Enzyme zingachaphazela enye kunye zeendawana efanayo. Noko ke, ngamnye kubo uza kukhawulezisa kuphela indlela ethile. Abasabela ingakumbi enzyme kunokubonwa enezakhiwo pyruvate dehydrogenase. Iqulethe iiproteni, echaphazela PVC. Eyona eziphambili zezi: dehydrogenase pyruvate, decarboxylase pyruvate, acetyl. Indlela abasabela ngokwayo obizwa decarboxylation njengokuba oxidative of STC. Le mveliso lisebenza acetic acid yayo esebenzayo.

ngezigaba

Ezi ndidi zilandelayo enqanda ezithile:

1. Stereochemistry. Oku kuchazwe inkqunto uchaphazele enye stereoisomers le zeendawana kunokwenzeka. Umzekelo, ikwazi osebenza fumaratgidrotaza fumarate. Nangona kunjalo, oko akuthethi kuchaphazela kaKishe-isomer - maleic acid.
2. Absolute. этого типа выражается в способности вещества влиять только на конкретный субстрат. Ingakumbi i-enzayim ye olu hlobo ichazwa ngayo ukukwazi kwento ukuze kuchaphazela kuphela zeendawana ethile. Ngokomzekelo, sucrase Lize kuphela sucrose, arginase - arginine njalo njalo.
3. Relative. в этом случае выражена в способности вещества влиять на группу субстратов, имеющих связь одинакового типа. Ingakumbi i-enzayim kule meko ichazwe kwi ukukwazi kwento ukuze kuchaphazela iqela substrates ukuba ibhondi zohlobo olufanayo. Umzekelo, alpha-amylase idityaniswe glycogen nestatshi. Zinelungelo uhlobo lonxibelelwano glycoside. Trypsin, pepsin, chymotrypsin kuchaphazela iiproteni ezininzi iqela peptide.

lobushushu

в определенных условиях. Enzyme ethile kwiimeko ezithile. Kuba inkoliso yabo njengengxenye engcono ukuthatha iqondo lobushushu + 35 ... + degrees 45. Xa ubeka impahla ngokwemigaqo ehlise, umsebenzi wayo uya kuncipha. Le meko ibizwa ngokuba inactivation ingathityazwa. Xa kwithempritsha yayo liphuma amandla ebuyiselweyo. Kuthiwa xa zibekwe phantsi kweemeko, apho t ke amaxabiso nangaphezulu kuthi inactivation. Noko ke, kule meko iya kuba vuhlayiseki, njengoko ibuyiselwe ngokwehlisa iqondo lobushushu. Oku kungenxa nokuguqulwa kwemolekyuli.

Isiphumo pH

Le asidi isigxina molecule ixhomekeke. Ngako oko, i-pH iphembelela umsebenzi neyodwa lwesiza ebonakalayo enzyme. index iasidi elilelona ubutyebi ngalinye. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezininzi kuba 4-7. Umzekelo, ukuba udibaniso lwe amylase amathe iasidi elilelona ngu 6.8. Okwangoku, kukho iqela ngaphandle. I elilelona ubumuncu pepsin, umzekelo, 1.5-2.0, chymotrypsin kunye trypsin - 8-9.

yoxinaniso

I-enzayim ngaphezulu ukho, kungona izinga reaction. A kwisigqibo esifanayo singa zotywa ngokuphathelele kwindlela ekwakugquba zeendawana. Noko ke, kuthiwa kumiselwa nemfuyo ngalinye yokunyakamisa umxholo target. Xa zonke iisayithi esebenzayo yile zeendawana ekhoyo. будет максимальной, вне зависимости от последующего добавления мишеней. Ngaloo ingakumbi i-enzyme ubuninzi, nokuba kongezwe elandelayo ngeethagethi.

Substance-nabalawuli

Baya lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe inhibitors kunye activators. Zombini ezi ndidi zahlulwe zibe nonspecific kongomeke. Kuba uhlobo yokugqibela ziquka iityuwa avtivatoram zhelchnokislye (ngokuba lipase podzheluzhochnoy nobubovu), ion yeKhlorini (alpha-amylase), zehydrochloric acid (ngokuba pepsin). activators Nonspecific na ion wemagniziyam ezichaphazela kinases kunye phosphatases, kunye ezithile inhibitors - peptides terminal proenzymes. Le yokugqibela iindlela baphola kwezinto. Bona owenziwe cleavage of peptides terminal. Ziyangqinelana iintlobo ezithile proenzyme ngamnye. Ngokomzekelo, ngohlobo bapholileyo trypsin eveliswe ngohlobo trypsinogen. iziko layo esebenzayo ivaliwe terminal hexapeptide, nto leyo inhibitor ethile. Inkqubo kusebenze cleavage wayo. Isiza elisebenzayo trypsin ngenxa yoku, kuba ivuliwe. Nonspecific inhibitor neetyuwa ze enzima. Umzekelo, sulfate zezobhedu. Balala nokuguqulwa of iikhompawundi.

inhibition

Kungaba kukhuphiswano. Le meko ubonakala kula kukuvela ukufana noshowo phakathi inhibitor kunye zeendawana. Bathi inxaxheba ngumzabalazo ikhonkco kwisiza esebenzayo. Ukuba umxholo inhibitor ingaphezulu zeendawana usenziwa kopleksferment inhibitor. Xa ukufaka utshintsho ekujoliswe kweziyobisi ratio. Ngenxa yoko, i-entry inhibitor ziya kutshintshwa. Umzekelo, ukuba succinate ukuba succinate izenzo dehydrogenase njenge zeendawana. Inhibitor oxaloacetate okanye malonate. iimveliso wokhuphiswano zithathwa nefuthe indlela. Ngamaxesha amaninzi, afane substrates. Umzekelo, ukuba imveliso 6-phosphate iswekile na iswekile. Le zeendawana iza kuba efanayo glucose-6 phosphate. inhibition Noncompetitive Akujongwanga ukuba ukufana noshowo phakathi izinto. Inhibitor kunye zeendawana nga ngaxeshanye ubopheleleke enzyme. Ngenxa yoko kukho ukuyilwa inamehlo entsha. Bona ke kompleksferment-zeendawana inhibitor. Ngexesha intsebenziswano kweziko esebenzayo iyabhlokwa. Oku kungenxa yokubopha kunye zokuphosa site inhibitor lwesiza esebenzayo. Umzekelo oxidase cytochrome. Ngokuba lo enzyme ukhonza zeendawana ioksijini. Cytochrome oxidase inhibitor neetyuwa ze hydrocyanic acid.

ummiselo allosteric

Kwezinye iimeko, ngaphandle kwiziko esebenzayo, nto leyo ebonisa ingakumbi enzyme, kukho omnye link. Eli candelo lisebenza njenge allosteric ngayo. Ukuba igama elifanayo lu dityanisiwe kuyo isilumeki le enzyme kwandisa ukusebenza. Ukuba kuphendulwa allosteric inhibitor kuya iziko, iyeza esebenzayo, ngokulandelelanayo, kunciphisa. Umzekelo, adenylate cyclase kunye guanylate cyclase libhekisela enzayimi nohlobo ummiselo allosteric.