Imveliso yezinto eziphilayo nendawo eziphila

Rhoqo ngonyaka abantu kusiba icekethekise izibonelelo-langa. Akumangalisi ukuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje i kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukuvavanya indlela izibonelelo ezininzi kunganika biocoenosis ethile. Namhlanje, ecosystem kwemveliso kubaluleke xa ukhetha indlela yolawulo, njengoko inani iimveliso enokuzuzwa ixhomekeke ngqo umsebenzi kwezoqoqosho.

Nantsi imiba ephambili ukuba ngoku zijonge izazinzulu:

• Yimalini solar energy iyafumaneka nendlela kangakanani yayingeyonxalenye izityalo njengoko ulinganiswa?
• Kwezinye iintlobo eziphila yeyona ukusebenza iphezulu yaye olunikezela kakhulu kwimveliso yokuqala?
• Ziziphi izinto ukunciphisa inani imveliso yokuqala apha jikelele?
• Yintoni na nokusebenza apho amandla eguqulwa izityalo?
• Yintoni umahluko phakathi ukusebenza nokwenziwa, imveliso zokucoca kunye nokusebenza esingqongileyo?
• Njengoko eziphilayo ayashiyana mali okanye umthamo biomass eziphilayo autotrophic?
• Amandla angakanani luyafumaneka kubantu yaye kangakanani sisebenzisa na?

Siza kuzama ukuyiphendula ubuncinane inxalenye kweli nqaku. Okokuqala, makhe ukujamelana nezimaphambili ezingundoqo. Ngoko ke, imveliso ye-ecosystem inkqubo ukuqokelelana into ephilayo ukusa kumlinganiselo othile. Ziziphi izinto eziphilayo banoxanduva lo msebenzi?

Autotrophs kunye heterotrophs

Siyazi ukuba abanye eziphilayo ziyakwazi nokulungelelanisa iimolekyuli esuka kwiQela uhlobo. Bona ngokuba autotrophs, elithetha "self-ukondla". Enyanisweni, ukuba nemveliso yezidalwa ixhomekeke kanye imisebenzi yabo. Autotrophs nezaziwa kubavelisi eyinhloko. Eziphilayo abakwaziyo ukuvelisa iimolekyuli ezintsonkothileyo eziphilayo ezivela izinto ezilula ezingaphiliyo (amanzi, CO2), abaninzi balandela iklasi kwezityalo, kodwa ubuchule efanayo yababephethwe ezinye iintsholongwane. Le yinkqubo apho nokulungelelanisa izinto eziphilayo, ekuthiwa nomsi. Njengoko kulula ukuqonda ukusuka igama, yiphotosynthesis kufuna kwelanga.

Kufuneka kwakhona ukhankanye indlela, eyaziwa ngokuba chemosynthesis. Ezinye autotrophs ikakhulu iintsholongwane ukuba ukuguqula ezingaphiliyo ezizodwa izondlo zibe oganikhi khompawundi ngaphandle ukufikelela yelanga. Kukho amaqela eziliqela lwegciwane chemosynthetic elwandle kunye namanzi acocekileyo, yaye amaxesha amaninzi zifumaneka kwiindawo ezinomthamo ephezulu emanzini okanye nesalfure. Njengoko izityalo yiklorofili kunye nezinye izinto ekwaziyo kuyondelelaniswe nomsi, eziphilayo chemosynthetic - autotrophs. Nangona kunjalo, lo imveliso ze-ikhosistim ebizwa ngokuba umsebenzi uninzi uhlaza, ekubeni linoxanduva ukuqokelelela ngaphezu kwama-90% into ephilayo. Chemosynthesis idlala indima uhlasela ezincinane.

Ngelo xesha, eziphilayo ezininzi Ungayifumana amandla kuyimfuneko, kodwa ukutya nezinye izinto. Ewe kuthiwa heterotrophs. Enyanisweni, bonke izityalo ezifanayo (bona kwakhona "badla" organic ukulungele), izilwanyana, iintsholongwane, umngundo kunye ezincane. Heterotrophic nezaziwa "abathengi."

Indima kwezityalo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, igama elithi "ukuvelisa" kule meko libhekisela izityalo ukukwazi ukugcina isixa esithile zenkqunto ephilayo. Kwaye oku akumangalisi, kuba kuphela eziphilayo isityalo ukuguqula izinto ezingaphiliyo ibe organic. Ngaphandle kwabo, ubomi ngokwalo kwiplanethi yethu bekuya kuba nzima, ngoko ke nemveliso-ikhosistim kuqwalaselwa kulo mbono. Ngokubanzi, lo mbuzo ilula kakhulu, ngoko into eninzi into ephilayo nga Stock up izityalo?

Ziziphi biocenoses zezona kakhulu nemveliso?

Isimanga biocenoses ngokwaneleyo, kodwa ngabantu akunguye elinemveliso kakhulu. Amahlathi, imigxobhozo, imilambo kumahlathi emikhulu yetropika ngokuphathelele kulo they are phambili. Ukongeza, ezi biocenoses Nokwethisa omkhulu izinto eziyityhefu leyo, kanye kwakhona, eyele Ngokwemo yemisebenzi yabantu, ngokunjalo ukujikelezisa ngaphezu kwe-70% ye-oksijini equlethwe emoyeni-langa sethu. Hi ndlela leyi, kwiincwadi ezininzi uthi ukuba "IZemgale" aveza imveliso zehlabathi ulwandle. Isimanga, kodwa le ngxelo kude kakhulu enyanisweni.

"Ocean indida"

Uyazi, xa kuthelekiswa imveliso bemvelo ikhosistim beelwandle kunye neelwandle? Ngenxa semi-entlango! imali ezinkulu biomass ngenxa yokuba ukuba izithuba yamanzi ziyathandwa inxalenye enkulu kumphezulu-langa. izihlandlo ezininzi ukusetyenziswa ezicingelwayo elwandle njengoko mthombo kwezondlo ukuba lonke uluntu kule minyaka izayo, akunakwenzeka kunokwenzeka, kuba kwezoqoqosho kule liphantsi kakhulu. Noko ke, ukusebenza phantsi kwale hlobo yendalo akukho ndlela kuhlisa ukubaluleka iilwandle ubomi zonke izinto eziphilayo, ngoko ke kufuneka bakhuselwe njenge ndlela ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi kunokwenzeka.

kwezenkolo Modern bathi umthamo komhlaba wezolimo kude ediniwe, kwaye kwixesha elizayo siya kuba nako ukwamkela kubo yesivuno olugqithiseleyo. amathemba ezizodwa eziqhotyoshelwe emasimini, nto leyo zinika ubutyebi into ephilayo ezixabisekileyo ngenxa iimpawu zalo ezahlukileyo.

ulwazi olusisiseko malunga imveliso ngokweenkqubo zebhayoloji

Ngokubanzi, i-ecosystem luchazwa izinga imveliso photosynthesis kunye nokwanda kwe mba yokuphilayo biocenosis elinikiweyo. Ukuba ubunzima eziphilayo, eyenziwe ngeyunithi nganye kwexesha kuthiwa kwemveliso yokuqala. Silubonakalise ngeendlela ezimbini: nokuba ziijowule okanye ubunzima ezomileyo zezityalo. Gross lemveliso ibizwa yobungakanani wadala plant izinto ngenxa elithile iyunithi xesha, ngesantya esingaguqukiyo isantya photosynthesis. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ezinye le mathiriyeli iya kuhamba phezu ubomi izityalo ngokwabo. Abanye ke organic - imveliso ephambili umnatha sezinto eziphilayo. Ukuba kuziwa heterotrophic ukutya, eziquka wena kunye nam.

Ingaba kukho "eliphezulu umda" zamabanga production?

Ngamafutshane, le "ewe." Makhe sihlolisise ngokufutshane ngempumelelo ngayo, kuloo mgaqo, inkqubo yefotosinthsis. Khumbula ukuba ubunzulu imisebe yelanga efikelela ngaphantsi komhlaba, ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke kwindawo: Elona nani liphezulu imveliso amandla uphawu lommandla zemvula. Oku kunciphisa sande njengoko sisondela izibonda. Malunga nesiqingatha amandla elanga libonakaliswe ngumkhenkce, ikhephu, iilwandle okanye iintlango, wendele yeegesi kwi-atmosfera. Umzekelo, ozone umaleko ngokubamba phantse yonke radiation UV! isiqingatha ukukhanya ena namagqabi kwizityalo asetyenziswe indlela photosynthesis kuphela. Ngoko ke ukuba imveliso eziphilayo nendawo eziphila - isiphumo yokuguqulwa yinxenye ingabalulekanga kuzo amandla kwelanga!

Yintoni imveliso yesibini?

Ngako oko, iimveliso zasesekondari ekuthiwa ukukhula consuments (oko kukuthi, abathengi) naliphi na ixesha elithile. Kakade ke, lo imveliso ze-ikhosistim ixhomekeka kuzo ngomlinganiselo ongaphantsi kakhulu, kodwa ke kanye lo biomass idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi babantu. Qaphela ukuba imveliso zomgquba zasesekondari ngokwababalwayo ngokwahlukeneyo kwinqanaba ngalinye trophic. Ngoko ke, iintlobo imveliso ecosystem zahlulwe iintlobo ezimbini: eziziprayimari nezizisekondari.

Umlinganiselo yemveliso eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari

Njengoko unokuthekelela, umlinganiselo ngolunya kunye nobunzima izityalo zizonke lincinane kakhulu. Nkqu emahlathini imigxobhozo yalo izinga akufane kune uphawu ka-6.5%. Izityalo herbaceous ngakumbi eluntwini, kungona izinga ukuqokelela izinto eziphilayo yaye inkulu ukungangqinelani.

Izinga ukubunjwa kunye nemali kwezinto eziphilayo

Ngokubanzi ngokunciphisa izinga ukuyilwa mba imvelaphi ephambili organic ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ngobume izixhobo photosynthesis yezityalo (Par). Elona xabiso liphezulu ukwanela photosynthesis, nto leyo kufikelelwe elebhu, yi-12% ye-PAR. Xa iimeko zendalo, ixabiso-5% ithathwa ophezulu kakhulu nangokusebenzayo lungenzeki. Kukholelwa ukuba ukufunxeka elangeni ehlabathini ayidluli 0.1%.

Ukusasazwa kwimveliso yokuqala

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imveliso ye-ecosystem yendalo - isiziba edyokhweni kakhulu ehlabathini. Zizonke Ubunzima zonke zomgquba kwento iifom phezu kobuso bomhlaba ngamnye kukuthi zomyalelo 150-200 billion yeetoni. Khumbula into enokuthethwa imveliso ezilwandle ngasentla? Ngoko ke, 2/3 weli kwakheka kwi ilizwe! Khawufan 'ucinge nje: ngxilimbela, luxandu- uhlobo kwehayidrosfere izihlandlo ezithathu ngaphantsi lweziphili ngaphezu isiqwenga elincinane somhlaba, inxalenye enkulu kuzo entlango!

Ngaphezu kwama-90% le nto eziphilayo emfono ngeendlela okanye omnye uza eziphilayo heterotrophic ukutya. Kuphela inxalenye encinane yale amandla elanga egcinwe ngohlobo wamatye lomhlaba (kwakunye ne-oyile namalahle, ukuyilwa leyo nanamhlanje). Kwi kummandla wethu zelizwe zaseprayimari yemveliso iinzuzo ezisuka 20 kg / ha (kufuphi Arctic Ocean) ukuya kutsho ngaphezulu kwe-200 kg / ha eCaucasus. Kwiindawo entlango, eli xabiso ayidluli 20 c / ngehektare nganye.

Enyanisweni, kulamazwe ezintlanu ihlabathi lethu ubunzulu begcakamele production ifana kakhulu, phantse: kwizityalo Umzantsi Melika oluhlala kunye namaxesha nesiqingatha olukhulu umba owomileyo, ngenxa yokuba iimeko zemozulu obalaseleyo. Kukho imveliso ubuninzi zendalo kunye eziphila ngumntu.

Oko inika amandla ebantwini?

Bamalunga ne-1.4 billion eehektare eziphezu ehlathini iplanethi yethu zilinywa izityalo umntu ezisinika ukutya kwakho. Oku - malunga ne-10% eziphila-langa. Isimanga, kodwa kuphela kwimveliso isiqingatha wafumana uya ngqo ukutyiwa ngabantu. Bonke abanye isetyenziswa isondlo semfuyo kwaye iimfuno kwicandelo (a yemveliso non-ukutya). Izazinzulu ziye kudala isandi alarm: imveliso kunye biomass eziphila umhlaba wethu uyakwazi ukunikeza akukho ngaphezulu kwe-50% iimfuno yoluntu kwiproteni. Ngamafutshane, isiqingatha sabantu emhlabeni Uhlala kwiimeko bezifo protein intswelo.

Biocenosis-ilwela

Njengokuba sele sitshilo, imveliso omkhulu luphawulwa amahlathi zemvula. Khawucinge nje: enye ngehektare loluntu eziphilayo kukugubungela iitoni ezingaphezu kwama-500 nto owomileyo! Kwaye oku kumda. E Brazil, umzekelo, enye ngehektare behlathi kuvelisa phakathi 1,200 kwaye 1,500 iitoni (!) Of into ephilayo ukuba unyaka! Khawucinge nje: square metre nganye ukuya quintals ezimbini organic! Xa emathafeni kwindawo enye abunjwe hayi ngaphezulu kwe-12 m, kunye amahlathi strip median - kwisithuba 400 m Oku basebenzise ngenkuthalo iifama imfuyo abekwezo ndawo :. Imveliso ecosystem ngumntu entsimini ummoba, nto leyo eba ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-80 ezinto owomileyo hectares izityalo naphi na akayi kuba nako emzimbeni. Noko ke, ahluke kancinane zokupaka zabo Orinoco, Mississippi, kwakunye ezinye ummandla Chad. Apha, ngokuba kunyaka eziphilayo 'ukunika' ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-300 izinto ngehektare nganye!

iziphumo

Ngenxa yoko, uvavanyo imveliso kufuneka kwenziwa kanye phezu into ephambili. Inyaniso yokuba izinto zamabanga hayi ngaphezulu kwe-10% ye eli xabiso, ixabiso layo ziyohluka kakhulu, ngoko benze uhlahlelo olunzulu zesi salathisi nje akunakwenzeka.