Lo mmandla kwaye ummandla opheleleyo yommandla Tyumen: Inkcazo kunye namanqaku anika umdla

ummandla Tyumen, kwingingqi intsimi leyo yeyona inkulu yesithathu eRashiya ebesoloko kwaye ihlala eyeyomzuzwana elinye kwiingingqi exhasayo eli lizwe. Nangona iimeko zemozulu ezinzima, oko iyakhula ngokwemigqaliselo kwezoqoqosho, kukwakha isityalo, banda. Kakade ke, esinye sezizathu eziphambili ezibangela impumelelo kumantla - zizityebi imithombo yendalo. Xa izibilini kwimimandla elizenzekelayo inxalenye ebalulekileyo oyile negesi oovimba kweli lizwe.

Ummandla iziganeko kwimbali yamandulo

Ukuhambisa kummandla kummandla Tyumen mihla waqala eliphezulu (emva kwexesha) Paleolithic malunga 43 engamawaka eyadlulayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo isimanga ezilalini Baygara - nadpyatochnaya (talus) ithambo yomntu. ubukhulu wayo cm malunga 4.5 ukuya kwezi-5, yaye ngeyabo umntu omdala xa eneminyaka engama-20-50, owayehlala kule ndawo engama-43 000 eyadlulayo. Kuthathwa ukuba ezibumnturha yaba okufana uhlobo Homo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngingqi indawo Tyumen mkhulu kakhulu, kwaye izenze indawo 'kwuma "zezitatimenti zokusonjululwa kula mazwe yokuqala. Ngoko ke, lo imizila yokuqala yokuhlala kwabantu (iintsalela zokuhlala kunye namangcwaba) ziye zafunyanwa kunxweme of Lake St. Andrew and Tours. Banendawo Sargatka inkcubeko olwalukho kwiinkulungwane 7-6. BC. e. Kule nkulungwane yokuqala baqalisa kunikwe loonothwal: kwisizwe Ugrian kunye Samoyed, abo indawo abantu zamaTurkic abathetha ukuya ezantsi. Ukuba phakathi kwizizwe zemveli lomthonyama, zenza uhlanga olutsha, ngokukodwa, Mansi kunye Khanty, Selkup, Nenets.

Xa Kwiinkulungwane 13-16 kunxweme Tyumenka yayilikomkhulu Tyumen khanate Kerayit kunye nangezinto. Yaba ingumbuso kwesimo ephakathi esempuma Golden mkhosi. Emva kokuba bazive yokugqibela ibe Khanate eyahlukileyo, eSiberia wabumba umbutho yokuqala - Enkulu Duchy of Tyumen. Waye indawo i Siberian Khanate ngo 1420 kaThixo, nekomkhulu yayo Kashlyk.

Ngokoyisa eSiberia

Okwangoku, le ndawo iyonke yommandla Tyumen (ngokuxhomekeke kwimimandla elizimeleyo) yi 1.464.173 km ^2, kunye nesabelo le nengonyama ngayo eSiberia Koloni. Territory baba ngabokuqala endleleni eya Russian East. Ekufikeni kwabo ngenkulungwane ye-16. Bona belimiwe yi-Nenets abantu (zabelusi), uHunt kunye abazingeli hlathi kunye nabalobi Mansi. Inani izizwana malunga 8 15-18 amawaka. Abantu ngokulandelelanayo. Emzantsi babehlala izizwe zamaTurkic bebonke ngokuba "AmaTatar".

Kukholelwa ukuba advance Russian eSiberia waya ngokufanelekileyo ngoxolo. Kunoko, baye baziswa kwiindawo ezintsha, kunokuba yoyiswa. Uphuhliso Active eMoscow, le Urals kunye Trans-Urals yaqala emva kokuwa Novgorod ngo-1478, kodwa de ngenkulungwane ye-16 emva kwexesha iye kuphelela amaphulo kuphela nje ezimbalwa ngempumelelo. Siberian Khanate wazuza amandla kwaye kwaba usongo kumazwe empumalanga. Emva kukuhlaselwa abarhwebi abazizityebi Stroganoff ubunini 1573, imibutho Kuchum, oko edidekile looding ekhokelwa Ataman Ermak. Yena ngokoqobo wavula indlela eya East Muscovites, ekoyiswa eSiberia ngelo xesha kwakungekho siyeke. A kancinane ngaphantsi kwekhulu sele iqhotyoshelwe ngokupheleleyo ngurhulumente Russian.

Indawo Geographical kunye ummandla ummandla Tyumen

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, le ndawo yommandla Tyumen yi 1.464.173 km ^2, lo mmandla ubekwa kwindawo yesithathu ngobukhulu, emva kokuba Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) kunye Krasnoyarsk Territory. Ibanga ukusuka empuma kuye entshona emantla ukuya ezantsi 1400 km ne-2100 km ngokulandelelana. Region Tyumen ise kwinxalenye yomzantsi esemazantsi Zasebhofolo Siberian Plain. Kwindawo yomntla - a ekapa Skuratov on the Yamal Peninsula, lo osemazantsi - e Sladkovsky District, Western - umthombo lomlambo Severnaya Sosva, empuma - kwiSithili Nizhnevartovsk. Inxalenye yale ndawo zihlanjwe amanzi oLwandle Kara, ezinye imida kwi Krasnoyarsk Krai, Kurgan, eOmsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk kunye Arkhangelsk Oblast, Komi Republic, kunye Kazakhstan. Igama layo mihla le mmandla wafumana Agasti 14, 1944.

division Political

izithili ezimbini elizimeleyo elime kule ngingqi: Yamalo-Nenets kunye Khanty-Mansiysk. Ngowe-1993 baye bamkela iwonga, kubalwe izifundo RF, kodwa ngokomthetho luseyinxalenye kummandla Tyumen. Ukuba bahlabe nge ubukhulu: 769 250 km ² 534 801 km ^2, ngokulandelelana. Ummandla kummandla Tyumen ngaphandle zezithili ezimeleyo ayikho likhulu kakhulu - kuphela 160 122 km ^2.

Lo mmandla uquka izixeko 29, inkulu kubo: Tyumen (720 575 keli.), Surgut (348 643 keli.), Nizhnevartovsk (270 846 keli.), Nefteyugansk (125 368 keli.), Mbovy Urengoy (111 163 abantu). , Noyabrsk (106 631 keli.). Sondela uphawu 100 000 Tobolsk (eliboniswe ngasentla) kunye Khanty-Mansiysk. Phakathi imizi alawulwa amancinci - up to amawaka 50 abantu .. Area 38 yahlulelwe kwii ariya 480 isebenza oomasipala.

Imozulu inxalenye esemntla kummandla

Ngenxa yokuba ngingqi Tyumen mmandla mkhulu, imozulu kwezinye iindawo ukuze kwahluka kakhulu, zombini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Indawo enkulu ibekwe kwindawo entlango arctic, ehlathini-eyetundra kumathafa, hlathi, emathafeni kunye namahlathi exutyiweyo. Le ndawo luphawulwa iimeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo kwiindawo ezininzi. Kuba iindawo zale Far North ziquka Yamalo-Nenets, Berezovsky kunye neendawo Beloyarskii KhMAO-Yugra, intsalela iiyunithi zolawulo yokugqibela kunye kwisithili Uvat lifike kubo.

Kwingingqi North ilawula Arctic (polar) ukuya kunyaka-ngeenxa kwemozulu umoya negative. Ixhomekeka kufutshane yoLwandle Kara kunye permafrost esibandayo, intabalala imilambo, imigxobhozo kunye namachibi. Kuba sezulu Arctic lubonakala ngokuba ebusika elide (ukuya kuma kwiinyanga-8.), A elifutshane kakhulu ehlotyeni, kwemvula nemimoya enamandla. lobushushu ngonyaka Umyinge lelikhabayo, malunga -10 ° C ebusika, zisembundwini ephantsi busisigxina ngeenxa -70 ° C. Ummandla kummandla Tyumen ibekwe kwezi meko zemozulu, ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha itotali (qaphela imaphu ngasentla, AO umbala).

Imozulu umbindi kunye esemazantsi kummandla

Central kunye noMzantsi Tyumen mmandla ngokuxhomekeke isimo sezulu, oluthi luqokelelane eMntla saseNtla. Lubonakala yi ukwahluka rhoqo kwaye okubalulekileyo womoya, ubushushu umoya, utshintsho ngakulo umoya. Konke oku ngenxa yomsebenzi kakhulu iinkanyamba. Imozulu epholileyo onyaka amane iqapheleka: ihlobo nobusika (main), yasekwindla nemvula yasentwasahlobo (intermediate). Winter ukusetha ikhephu ngokusisigxina. Imozulu abe ezingafani sandla ukusuka abanobulali ukuze ezibukhali-yezwekazi. Ngoko ke, ubude bexesha ubushushu umoya ngezantsi 0 ° C ziintsuku 130 ngonyaka ngamnye kwinginqi lwenkunzi. Ummandla kumzantsi kummandla Tyumen umalunga 1/3 kwintsimi lonke.

minerals

Ummandla Tyumen uye oovimba hydrocarbon, kwezibonakalayo emhlabeni wonke. Kungenxa emathunjini yayo inxalenye ebalulekileyo esisi lizwe kunye namafutha. Ngumthamo opheleleyo ukuhambahamba zokomba ngaphaya kwezigidi 45 cubic metres ^3. Ioli iveliswa ikakhulu kwi OB, nerhasi kwi North. Nenkqubo enxulumene nophuhliso ngokukhawuleza mmandla. Le iidiphozithi ezigqamileyo yaye amaninzi hydrocarbon - yi Fyodorovskoye, Mamontovskoye, OB, igesi Samotlorskoye - Yamburgskoye, Urengoiskoye, Bear. Ukusebenza nja-, isanti zwi, sapropel, lekalika kunye gem amatye, isinyithi metal (chromite lobhedu, ilothe).

imithombo yamanzi kunye nehlathi

Region ine isitokhwe zinto amanzi acocekileyo ukuba buzinze imilambo eziphambili - Irtish kunye OB (uxabiseke iinqanawa) Tobol, Great Lakes Uvat, indawo Black et al Area Tyumen kwi macala M.. km kuhlale amahlathi, ilingana no-430 000 (iihektare million 43). Ngokutsho kwesi salathisi, oko uvelile yesithathu phakathi yonke imimandla yelo lizwe. In ngasezantsi kukho imithombo yamanzi ashushu, apho ubushushu yamanzi isusela ukusuka 37 ukuya kuma-50 ° C, bakuzuze iimpawu balneological kwaye zithandwa kakhulu kungekuphela balapho kodwa abakhenkethi abasuka kwiingingqi ezikufutshane.

Tyumen ndawo labantu

Emva kokufunda malunga indawo kummandla Tyumen kwi simo imimandla, inkulu kangakanani na, umntu yokugqiba ukuba abantu kufuneka ibe ezininzi. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka enze izilungiso iimeko zemozulu ezinzima apho kunzima kakhulu ukuba aphile. ummandla Tyumen elinabemi yabantu 3,615,485 (ukususela ngo-2016, kuquka izithili ezimeleyo) oko kuwa kule encotsheni amabini nokurhafiswa kwimimandla Russian ngenxa kubalo lokugqibela. Kwaye oku nangona ukuba indawo yesithathu. ingxinano ephantsi kakhulu yabemi - abantu 2,47 square kilometre. Abantu abaninzi bahlala kwizixeko - 80,12%, nto leyo kakhulu ubhalo, njengoko kwi permafrost kunye kumathafa asinde kwiilali ezikude needolophu ezinzima.

Njengoko ukubunjwa wesizwe, inkoliso yabantu, ngokutsho kubalo-2010 - a Russian (69.26%). Kwinani yesibini neyesithathu eliphezulu Tatar (7.07%) kunye Ukrainian (4.63%). Bashkirs Nokuba ngaphantsi kunye Azerbaijani, 1.37% kunye 1.28% ngokulandelelana. Ezinye iintlanga ukwabelana ngaphantsi kwe-1%. Yabantu bemveli entla: Nenets, Khanty kunye Mansi amela 0,93%, 0.86% kunye 0,34% ngokulandelelana.