Impembelelo ezintle nezimbi zabantu kwizilwanyana: imizekelo

imisebenzi yabantu, ingakumbi kwiinkulungwane yokugqibela embalwa ubuntu mihla, ngokuqinisekileyo ngomnye wemiba zinamandla ukuba iinguqu kokusingqongileyo. Ifuthe kubantu izilwanyana, umzekelo, kuzo ebezintle nezo zingentle, iye kule nkulungwane yama-21 idumile kwindalo, ukuba umntu sithethe ubudlelwane ngqo ukusinda kweentlobo ezithile ukusuka ukusebenza ngakumbi yempucuko.

Times yaMandulo: abazingeli

Nokuba ngexesha Upper Paleolithic abantu baqalisa ukumzingela. Ngaloo mihla, ifuthe abantu kwizilwanyana iqulethe ubukhulu becala kwanokupheliswa kwalo kweentlobo ngoku extinct ezifana ndlovu kunye lomkhombe ezinoboya (amathambo abo afunyanwa ngexesha kukugrumba kwiziza kwexesha kwabantu). Le ke Imveliso: izilwanyana, intlanzi, iintaka - wanika abantu ukutya protein, ukubonelela izinto for izihlangu kunye nempahla yokunxiba, ezinye izinto zasekhaya. Ezenziwe ngezikhumba zezilwanyana, amathambo namabamba zakhiwa zokuhlala kule ice yobudala lokugqibela. Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, ngaloo maxesha, abantu bahlala kwiindawo ezincinane yamalungu 100-150. Xa intloko yaba uhlobo inkoliso nabadala, yaye impahla, kuquka oovimba ukutya kunye khaya eqhelekileyo. sezulu Enough ezibandayo kwakhokelela imfuneko engxamisekileyo iimpahla kunye ezithile zokuhlala bakudala maxesha. Umzekelo, izikhumba zezilwanyana kwabulawa kutyiwe iziqwenga, kunye iinaliti ngamatye amagophe imingxuma ngamanqindi, ngoko yonke into crosslinking evuthelweyo imicu. Ngokutsho uphando, omnye kakhulu eyayiqhelekile ngoko abazisebenzisayo amathambo omkhulu okanye esinye isilwanyana enkulu njenge isakhiwo ezibonakalayo ukuze zokuhlala. It ukumba okweqanda nzulu kakhulu okanye umngxuma ngeenxa zonke. Ngasemdeni emhadini saqhutywa kungena iimbambo unamathele ngaphandle. Yonke le yokwakha alekwe okanye iintsuba tight-gingci zagutyungelwa amasebe wayifulela kunye nomhlaba.

Amafama kunye ranchers

Ukusetyenziswa inyama ukutya kuye kwakhokelela, ngokutsho Engels, kukuba abantu baye bafunda ukusebenzisa umlilo ukuze unyango yayo ubushushu ekhaya ezinye iintlobo (hayi lizingela, kwaye kufuneka ube nesiseko inyama lisoloko ngesandla). Njengoko ukuphuculwa kweendlela kunye nezixhobo, nokuzingela liye landa kwempembelelo abantu kunye nezilwanyana kunye nokusingqongileyo. It ubonisa kakhulu ezininzi: ekutshatyalalisweni nangoko kweentlobo zasendle zisetyenziswa ukutya, kwaye ukufuywa abanye abameli, kwaye ngokungangqalanga - ukutshintsha isiseko isityalo phambi ukuvela ukwanda kwezolimo. A kutshintsho indlela wamadlelo yobomi kunye nokulima (kwi Neolithic) ifuthe abantu izilwanyana ezifunyenwe iifom ezintsha kunye zokwenene. Kunye neendlela ukuba ezinokuntsonkotha zandiswe.

impembelelo ngokungathanga abantu kwizilwanyana

Kunye ukusasazeka kwezolimo abantu ababandakanyekayo ngakumbi kunye nokwandisa ukwenza ukuhlwayela nokuvuna. Oku, ingakumbi, waqinisa ifuthe ngqo abantu kwizilwanyana. zokuhlala zendalo Ukutshatyalaliswa, amahlathi yayingagawulelwa kwaye belima amadlelo kunye namasimi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ngokutsha kwakunye yokuduka ezinye iintlobo zezilo, phezu koko, intshayelelo zabanye.

trade

Huge ifuthe elibi ngabantu izilwanyana, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni yokuduka phantse epheleleyo okanye ukuncitshiswa ebalulekileyo kwezinye abemi kunye neentlobo, uye waba uphuhliso okuloba i - bahlela izilwanyana imveliso ukuze afumane, umzekelo, uboya. Ngoko ngenkulungwane ye-16 (oko kwazeka, enkosi zophando mbali Karamzin) I koMlawuli of impangele emva kokoyiswa aseSiberia sinyanzelisa abameli ebizwa njalo-nobuzwe jasaku abahlala apho: 200 000 iintsuba Sable, unomatse amawaka 500, 10 amawaka iimpungutye ..! Kwaba ixabiso yokumpompoza lokuloba, ethe waba nempembelelo enkulu yabantu zasendle kweli thuba!

ukulusiphula imik

Asafuna ezi ngxilimbela zasemanzini wazalwa kade. Ekuqaleni, abantu babesebenzisa izidumbu sentlanzi enkulu ekufuneka zingeniswe ebhankini. Emva koko, emehlweni abazingeli bamandulo kule ntaba inyama kunye namanqatha iye kuphela ezinqwenelekayo, kodwa ezingabizi kakhulu. Ngapha koko, lo mnenga - i sidalwa kade, kwaye ukuba oyifunayo, oko ukubamba up ngokuyinika isikhephe besparusnoy elula. Kuba imveliso yawo oluhambelana imipu harpoon elula neentambo. Kwakhona wabulawa emanzini akazange ukutshona, kananjalo yaba ebalulekileyo abazingeli. Pomor Iminenga ekuzingeleni ixesha elide, kodwa kwanokupheliswa zehlabathi lweentlobo yaqala ngenkulungwane ye-17. Ngoko ke abantu kweminenga bowhead abemaninzi kangangokuba iinqanawa ukuya Svalbard, kwakufuneka lityhale macala yemihlambi yabo. Ngonyaka ukuba balobe ngaloo mihla, i-Dutch, Danes, amaJamani, British, French neSpanishi bathunyelwa izithuthi 1,000 ngonyaka! Yaye ngokutsho kumbuzo yophando, imveliso yonyaka iminenga, umzekelo, ngenkulungwane ye-18 wenze ngaphezu kwe-2.5 amawaka ngonyaka. Akumangalisi ke, loovimba enkulu kuphele ezanyisayo, yaye ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 olu hlobo iye yabulala indoda nganeno ngaseludinini yokutshabalala! Yaye ngowe-1935, iKomishoni International simisela umlomo ekulobeni ngenxa yiminenga bowhead.

eminye imizekelo

Kwaba negalelo elibi abantu kwizilwanyana. Imizekelo yezinye unobangela kunokwenzeka: kwamahlathi amahlathi Amazon, ndiyitshise loLwandle Aral, zanyamalala ngokupheleleyo umntu ezinye iintlobo ezanyisayo tyala (emathafeni kengurovidnaya nempuku, ihagu kubini bandicoot, Iopossum krasnobryuhy, nebhadi Yemen, Madagascar pygmy imvubu, ingcuka amatakane - nkqu 27-kuphela khulu lokugqibela). Kukholelwa ukuba ukususela 1600 abantu osetyenzisiweyo zenyathi hayi ngaphantsi kwe-160 kunye neentlobo zeentaka, ngaphezu kwama-100 - ezincancisayo. Leyo ke isiphelo, umzekelo, inyathi kunye ukhenketho, tarpan kunye nolwandle iinkomo, isigqibo ngenxa yabantu babo.

imisebenzi yezoqoqosho yabantu

imisebenzi yabantu enxulumene okuloba nokuzingela, yaye namhlanje ibe nempembelelo enkulu yasendle. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, uphuhliso kummandla ngaphakathi yokuhlala lesilwanyana, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukunciphisa ukutya kungabangela ukuncipha kwenani labemi kunye zanyamalala kweentlobo ezithile. A Umzekelo okumangalisayo - unciphiso ebalulekileyo ingwe yaseSiberia. Yaye elwandle kwi networks eyenzelwe ukubamba intlanzi, dolphins minyaka le bayafa - amashumi amawaka! Ngapha koko, abakwazi ukufumana babanjwa kwaye ayizange. Yaye kutshanje, isikali ukufa kwizikolo eku xhulumaneni wafikelela-100,000 ngonyaka ngamnye.

yongcoliseko olusingqongileyo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, yenye yezona zinto ezimbi impembelelo yabantu zibalulekileyo zasendle. Ungcoliseko lokusasazeka kwemitha, imvula eneasidi phezu komhlaba, ezikhutshwayo eziyingozi kwi-bume zasemanzini kunye nomoya - konke oku kukhokelela ekuncipheni inani lezilwanyana kunye kunciphisa ukungafani eziphila kulo mhlaba.

nempembelelo entle yabantu kwizilwanyana

Ngeliphandle, izinto ezininzi abantu uvuke kakhulu emva kwexesha. iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ehlabathini namhlanje zisemngciphekweni wokutshabalala, kwaye abanye baye seziqalile zisabonakala. Ke, ukuba yiyo, ukuze nkqu kwinkulungwane yama-21, omninzi ingqalelo ihlawulwe ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo, ukukhuselwa zasendle ezisengozini. Yenza oovimba, iingcwele zasendle kunye iipaki zesizwe, apho abantu bazama kwakhona abalahlekileyo. Ayimangalisi loo nto, kuba, njengoko uqikelelo zezinye izazinzulu, ukuba wesintu ayeke uqhubeke imisebenzi iyingozi ehlabathini lonke, oku kunokukhokelela ekupheleni lusizi kwaye kungekudala (abanye ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50) kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.