Zeziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo amakhowa nokuba zahluke njani izityalo kunye nezilwanyana?

Ngokuba kakhulu ixesha elide, amakhowa libhekisela isityalo. Baye ebonakala phantsi, musa ukuba yiklorofili. Oku kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iimpawu ezifana amakhowa njengoko ukuqina, ukukwazi ukukhula ubomi, indlela yokutya, ubukho ebuhlanti iqokobhe nzima, ukuba izazinzulu ukuze bafikelele kwizigqibo malunga nohlobo ezi zidalwa akwi ezi zityalo asezantsi. Kodwa 1970-80s kwezenzululwazi waba ukuzikhetha kwi ubukumkani eyahlukileyo, ngaphezu kwesinye ikhulu lamawaka iintlobo. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba enyanisweni iindidi amakhowa okuninzi, konke nje yonke loo mntu evulekileyo. Malunga ke, ziziphi iimpawu oqhelekileyo nomngundo, iimpawu ezo kubo nezinye izinto ezininzi iimpawu, yaye abaninzi umdla ukuzama ukukuxelela kweli nqaku.

mycology

Science abafunda ubomi babo kunye nomsebenzi, yaye ke, ziziphi iimpawu oqhelekileyo nomngundo, waziwa ngokuba mycology. Ngenxa yesithethe, loo nto ithathwa icandelo Botany (ngaphambili ikhowa njengoko izityalo bafunda zezityalo, izazinzulu). Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, ngaloo ndlela igama elithi "amakhowa" yena wenza noluqondakalayo ngokupheleleyo, ukubumbana ezahlukeneyo kubume kunye nohlobo lokutya eziphilayo.

Inani elikhulu

Uhlobo ezi zidalwa - unengxubevange ngokwenene, yaye eziphilayo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Amakhowa kungabonwa yonke; phezu komhlaba, kwizikhewu umoya namanzi. Kwaye njengoko uqikelelo ziingcali ezahlukeneyo, mycologists, kukho phakathi 100,000 ukuya kwenye kweendidi ezisisigidi nomngundo kunye eziphilayo gribopodobnyh. Baye abe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo iinkqubo yonke eziphilayo kulo mhlaba. Ihlabathi lethu ngokoqobo kwakugcwele ezi zidalwa wendala ukusuka imbewu amancinci emoyeni ukuba ujungujungu, yade phantsi komhlaba ngenxa kwiikhilomitha ezininzi. Koko, abaphandi baqikelela ukuba into enkulu Emhlabeni - a mushroom! Ziintoni iimpawu eliqhelekileyo mushroom nentlobo kunokuba omkhulu kubo, ukususela phantse emehlweni kwimbambano ezingabonakaliyo blewits-yingxubuwa, ukuba ubunzima ngeekhilogram ngaphezu kwe-10? Sisonke, makhe sihlalutye.

Iimpawu ezithile ukuze nomngundo

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, amakhowa eziqulathe iimpawu zazo zombini izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Okt unalo ukufana kunye isilwanyana, nobomi zezityalo, ukuba akukho mntu okanye omnye. Ezi mpawu amakhowa eziphilayo gribopodobnyh aze avunyelwe ukuba ukwaba nabo ngendlela ummandla eyahlukileyo wendalo.

Indlela supply

Ifungi are heterotrophs. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho nokulungelelanisa izinto eziphilayo nokulisebenzisa nje ukutya sele ngendlela ogqityiweyo. Izisa kuzo kufutshane izilwanyana. Shlyapochnye uyawathanda ezininzi, umzekelo, ethwele ngokuncedisana izityalo: intsebenziswano efanayo, apho ilungisiwe ukususela kwizityalo eziphilayo kwabafileyo, ukondla indlela ukucazulula izinto eziphilayo zibe ezingaphiliyo, elahla kubo. Isityalo, yena, lufumaneka nomngundo, aba izimbiwa kukutya. Ngenxa yoko, imiqondiso eziqhelekileyo amakhowa ziquka ikakhulu heterotrophy. Ngokubanzi, kwi neendlela yamandla ibe ezinye umngundo kunye nezinambuzane, kwaye nkqu amarhamncwa. Zilwanyana amakhowa baziswa emzimbeni elikhuselayo nge ezonakeleyo. ukuba maxa wambi ukuba ukufa inkosi yakhe, yidlani izinto Okuseleyo kuwo - izinto ezifileyo organic. A marhamncwa mushroom ubukumkani wambamba ziiamoeba kunye nematodes usebenzisa bulges ezikhethekileyo enamathelayo kwi hyphae.

akukho ngokuba yiklorofili

Amakhowa abanako photosynthesis, njengoko izityalo efanayo. Bathi ziqulathe akukho yiklorofili iiseli. Zeziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo amakhowa? Ukubunjwa weseli kwazo kuquka ngechitin (iimpawu, umzekelo, kuba kwamathambo arthropods). Kwaye ukwazi ukugcina ezi iicarbohydrate (glycogen), kwaye imveliso yokugqibela pathways idubule nangoku - isiphumo. Kwaye le miqondiso eziqhelekileyo nomngundo nibakhuphele kufutshane izilwanyana.

Nokungakwazi kunye nokukhula

Amakhowa abakwazi ukuba uye kwenza izilwanyana. Ngandlel 'ithile, bathi cwaka (Kakade ke, ngaphandle kokuba uqwalasele mycelium, onako ukuhambahamba, ukukhula komhlaba, maxa wambi kwiikhilomitha ezininzi). Ngapha koko, bonke ubomi bam akhule kwaye lokuyivelisa yi imbewu, njengoko abaninzi izityalo. Kwaye zondla ngokumungunya nokulungelelanisa iihomoni kunye neevithamini, nayo leyo kubenza kunye nezityalo.

Umahluko unemvelaphi

Kodwa nangona ukufana amaninzi, oosonzululwazi bafumanisa ukuba nomngundo kunye nezityalo bavela kumaqela ahlukeneyo eziphilayo yamandulo eyayihlala kumaxesha amandulo kokusingqongileyo emanzini. Kwaye ezi zikumkani ezimbini ezingafaniyo emendweni wabo mvelo.

Zeziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo anika

Kwezinye ezifanayo kunye izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, nomngundo kuphela iimpawu zazo okusegazini. Umzimba kwezityalo ze ephilayo - mycelium (mycelium) ezinokuthi kukhula ngaphandle komda bonke ubomi bakhe. zone senziwa zeendawana ka ekuthiwa-mushroom hyphae - izakhiwo tubular filamentary. mushroom Bona ehlonyelwe zeendawana, apho kwalusa. Xa hyphae okwanamhlanje wavakalisa isakhiwo zeselula. Ngokubanzi, makhowa kwakhona babe ubume kwiseli enye kwaye multicellular, nuclear, iqokobhe imiqathango.

Yangaphandle okanye air zone imizimba iziqhamo ezininzi mushroom zimelwe (oko kusetyenziswa okunene bamemeze makhowa). Xa indawo evumayo ukuba ibekwe ngokwangaphandle ukusuka mycelium. Izidumbu fruiting equlathe imbewu ilungiselelwe ukuzalela. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ezinye fungi shlyapochnye inokuvelisa ukuya eziliqela amashumi ezigidi imbewu ubomi umzimba iziqhamo. Kodwa fungi Ungaphinda-phinda kwakhona mycelium (kwaye kwezinye iimeko zaso).