Imithombo yolwazi lwejiyografi. Uluhlu loncwadi yejografi. Maps, ii-atlasi

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, mntu wayenomdla koko eligquba - kwintsimi entsha okanye iziphelo zehlabathi. Eminyaka, impucuko sele efunde ulwazi. Ixesha lifikile elo xesha xa izazinzulu, abangazange baye kumazwe akude, wayesazi lukhulu kubo. Kulo ukuba bancedwa yi imithombo yolwazi lwejiyografi.

Eli nqaku liza kukuxelela ukuba, kwakunye ngeentlobo zazo.

imiba ngokubanzi

Njengoko unokuthekelela, ngoko ke wabiza yonke imithombo yolwazi apho umntu ukufumana ulwazi umdla kuye. Yeyiphi uhlola imithombo yolwazi lwejiyografi yeBakala 5 (kwizikolo eziziisekondari)? Makhe zibhale:

• Zonke iimephu, ii-atlasi, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo izicwangciso ubume bendalo, kuquka emkhosini.
• inkcazelo eyahlukahlukeneyo wejografi kwiindawo ezithile.
• Izalathisi, amanqaku Encyclopedic, kunye neengxelo iziphumo emsebenzini ezahlukeneyo.
• Iifoto zasemoyeni kunye neendawo satellite imifanekiso.
• GIS GPS / GLONASS.

Nazi ezinye imithombo yolwazi lwejiyografi uyazi iBakala 5 kwisikolo avareji ezibanzi. Kwakhona zama ukuba siqwalasele iimpawu abathile kubo iinkcukacha kancinci.

ubuchwepheshe bale mihla

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izibonelelo ngakumbi nangakumbi zidluliselwa ukusuka iphepha uhlobo yedijithali. Oku akothusi. Phantse yonke 5 imithombo yolwazi lwejiyografi, oko nje okhankanywe, namhlanje sinako ukufumana oko kwifomu yedijithali. Nkqu izazinzulu professional kwiminyaka yakutshanje, bakhetha ukusebenza nge "nenombolo".

Nenkqubo efanayo GIS ukusebenza zibelula ngaphezu kunye imfumba yeencwadi. Kwaye ngoku ukuxoxa ezinye imithombo yolwazi lwejiyografi ngokweenkcukacha.

ikhadi

Ikhadi ebizwa umfanekiso ngokubanzi oganogram phezu ilizwe, yonke iplanethi okanye imizimba yasezulwini. It is eyakhelwe kumgaqo yokutshintshwa kwamanqaku, okt iindlela zemathematika zisetyenziselwa le njongo. Oko kukuthi, kuxhomekeke kwisikali onke amakhadi zingahlulwa ngokwala ngokwamaqela amathathu:

• Ezinkulu-scale.
• Mesoscale.
• Small-scale.

Ukuba sithethe isigaba sokuqala, ngoko umlinganiselo la maxwebhu anokufumaneka kwi-1: 200 000 ezinkulu. Oku kuquka phantse zonke izicwangciso-mphandle. Amafama amancinane yonke amakhadi, lo mlinganiselo ngaphantsi kwe-1: 1 000 000 sabheka eziqhelekileyo iquka okanye amancinci okanye izicwangciso eliphakathi-onokufikelela zezona zilungele ukuba isifundo bendawo ethile.

ulwazi Uhlobo zokuzoba

Kufuneka wazi ukuba kudala ngaphambi kokuba iingcali indalo ukuvelisa Iimephu inkqubo yokhetho engqongqo eza kuboniswa kuyo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: gabalala zokuzoba. Ngokwendalo, ukukhethwa kakhulu kuzo olukhoyo malunga iimephu abasakhasayo, njengoko kufuneka ukulungiselela inani eliphezulu ulwazi luncedo kwi umzila ubuncinane lolu xwebhu. Xa gabalala indima ebaluleke kakhulu edlalwa ikhadi idinga ngqo kwakunye iminqweno zabathengi.

izicwangciso site

Ngoko wabiza imizobo kwendawo, apho lwenziwa ngomlinganiselo omkhulu (1: 5000 okanye ngaphezulu), kwaye zithathwa kusetyenziswa kwiimpawu ezithile. Kulo ziyindawo sabheka esikolweni. Ukwakhiwa Izicwangciso ezingalunganga ezibonakalayo, imilinganiselo nezixhobo, ufoto lwasemoyeni okanye indlela zidityanisiwe.

Ekubeni phezu izicwangciso elikhankanyiweyo kwiindawo ezincinane ngokwentelekiso kumphezulu womhlaba, xa kudalwa ugobile umhlaba kaThixo nokungahoywa. Kufuneka iqondwe ngokucacileyo ukuba ezi imithombo yolwazi lwejiyografi, oko kuchazwa nje, zahluke kakhulu enye kwenye.

Umahluko omkhulu evela izicwangciso ikhadi

• Isicwangciso isentimitha kunqabile wabeka kweekhilomitha ngaphezu ezintlanu ngokuma eyiyo. Yokuba amakhadi kakhulu ngakumbi millimitha enye apho kungafakwa isimangalo amakhulu eekhilomitha kumphezulu womhlaba.
• Zonke izinto kwizicwangciso osemhlabeni ziboniswa njengoko kuchaziwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Enyanisweni, zonke iinkalo ezibalulekileyo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi iphawulwe ngokomlinganiselo nani. Ngenxa yoko, izicwangciso nezobhalo le abasebenzi Jikelele (kunye yiSoviet Union, kunjalo) ingabonakaliswa nkqu imithi kunye nemisinga. Kwimephu akunakwenzeka ukuba lonke ulwazi. Eneneni, ke ngoko, wenziwe gabalala, esixoxe ngasentla. asikwazi ukuboniswa Nditsho lichaza ngqo amazwekazi ezikwiimephu ezininzi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba kaninzi iyasetyenziswa kunye uhlaba obukhulu. Ukongeza, uncwadi ngasentla olongezelelweyo isimo sendawo yeesimboli ukusetyenziswa scaleless.
• Kwakhona Sigxininisa ukuba isicwangciso sokwakha ukungahoywa ugobile kumphezulu womhlaba. Amakhadi, ingakumbi ngomlinganiselo encinane, cinga ngayo enyanzelekileyo.
• Kwi izicwangciso kwigridi ze isidanga. Kwangaxeshanye, ukufana kunye esiqu ke kumntu ngamnye kubo.
• Isicwangciso usoloko elula ngokwemiqathango yokuqhelaniswa nezifundo. Top loxwebhu - ngasentla, ezantsi, ngokulandelelana, - ngasezantsi. Ngomhla iimephu kwendawo echazwe ngaxeshanye.

iindlela Image izinto phezu izicwangciso kunye neemephu

abalinganiswa olunemiqathango kulo mzekelo ezi embodiments eziqhelekileyo apho msebenzi khowudi eboniswe emephini okanye kuyilo izinto. Ngoncedo lwabo, unako ukubonisa into ephathekayo (intaba, umzekelo), kunye nento kakhulu abstract, olunemiqathango (lexinene abantu esixekweni, idolophana, njalo njalo. N.). Kakade ke, ukuba zonke lula kakhulu ubomi umntu olaziyo iziseko cartography kwaye uyakwazi ukufunda ezi imizobo.

Kunini imephu kuhlala kulo mba?

Lo mbuzo ubuncinane einozhdy beka phantse zonke zejografi komhlaba. Impendulo ethile luxhomekeke kwinjongo, ububanzi, umbhali kwesicwangciso. Ngoko ke, lo ngabaphengululi badla bazobe imephu ngokoqobo "edolweni", ngoko ukuthetha malunga ukuchaneka kwazo ayikho imfuneko. Kodwa Jikelele Abasebenzi iimephu, nangona ixesha, sekunjalo mangaza kahle zabo.

Musa ukulibala ukuba maphu eFar North izizathu uzinzo phezulu, lo gama i-Amazon kunye nezicwangciso yomNayile ukuba ngokukhuselekileyo kulahlwa kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu emva kokupapashwa kwayo. le milambo ngokugqibeleleyo ngokukhawuleza ukutshintsha isimo se Umhlaba komhlaba, ukususela amaxwebhu abadala sivakalelwa kuphela ngendlela zembali.

iinkcazelo Geographical, ukuvulwa

Yonke imithombo yolwazi lwejiyografi kuxoxwe ngasentla, ndinikrukre ethile, ingabangeli umdla. Apho mnandi ukuhlola i inkcazelo kummandla, indawo okanye lizwekazi, eyabhalwa ngulo mntu wafumanisa konke!

Uyadlala bucala, kodwa iinkcazelo kunye nokunika ingxelo (, bemvelo geodetic) Izifundo zejografi maxa wambi ukunika okuninzi ulwazi ngaphezu ndawo enenkcukacha imephu ngesimo. Ngakumbi kule yokugqibela akuthethi ukubonisa ezinye iimpawu ezingemnandi bendawo ethile (seengcongconi, ifumaneka kwezinye iindawo umbindi Afrika, zonke inyathelo, umzekelo).

Uluhlu kuluncwadi kwendawo, apho zinikwe abafundi esikolweni (umz Nikolina VV geography, uphuhliso umsebenzi; Samkova VA Senza ukufunda ehlathini, Forest Encyclopedia: 2 t / ch ed G. I. Vorobov ... ), njengoko ixesha kunye wabulela owawubumbela umsebenzi labaphandi ngexesha ukuchwetheza kuzo zonke iinkcukacha ezikwikhadi ngokuba kokulwa yezinto.

inkcazelo emfutshane malunga kuvulwa Africa

Khawusixelele kancinci malunga ngembali yokuvulwa Dark kwiZwekazi lonke. Kakade ke, igama elithi "ukufunyanwa" ayikho into ilungile: yiloo Australia - Ewe, ukuba ubunzima. Kwimeko ka-Afrika siye zisafundwa kakuhle imimandla yaselunxwemeni, apho amakhoboka abamnyama babanjwa kwaye bathengwa Arab abarhwebi zeendlovu, kodwa oko kwenzekayo embindini lizwekazi, wayengazi phantse mntu.

Yonke into yatshintsha ngenkulungwane XIX, xa edume bafika e-Afrika, uDavid Livingstone. Kuye fanele imbeko lokuvula umthombo loMnayile kunye zobungangamela Lake Victoria. Bambalwa abantu bazi, kodwa izifundo Central Afrika ngexesha ndandishumayela sisazinzulu Russian VV Junker (iminyaka 1876-1886).

Kuba kwabantu bomthonyama belizwekazi yaphelela kalusizi, imithombo iphambili yolwazi lwejiyografi (okt iimephu), iinkcukacha apho kunzima kangaka kunye nengozi rhoqo ebomini ziqokelelwe zonke ezi izazinzulu nesibindi ziye ngenkuthalo ezisetyenziswa ngabathengisi khoboka ...

Ngoko, kunye iimaphu nezicwangciso, sisuke siba ugqibile. atlasi eeNgingqi ziphantsi kuhlobo olufanayo. Kwaye yintoni indima imithombo mihla yolwazi lwejiyografi? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, cinga umgaqo ukwabelana endala iimephu iphepha yokukhangela, ngoku tyenziselwa ngokubonakalayo ngisho zejografi zobungcali komhlaba.

GPS / GLONASS + iimaphu

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le ndlela efanelekileyo ngokugqibeleleyo yokuqingqa ukuchana iimephu, ii-atlasi kunye nezicwangciso-mphandle. Ukongeza, le ndlela ifuna udovletovryaet mbali, njengoko unako bazibonele ngokwabo indlela itshintshiwe kwendawo, elichazwa YEZIGANEKO iziganeko ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, ukuma uncwadi liquka izicwangciso site, abangancedekanga sele zihlaziyiwe ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela.

Ukuze uthathe ithuba oluchanileyo, kodwa ixesha elininzi kunye necebo thile nobugocigoci, kufuneka enze bandibophelele kathathu (amakhadi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo) ukuya kwindawo site efanayo:

• Okokuqala, fumana imaphu ngaphezulu okanye mihla ngaphantsi okanye imephu ngesimo.
• Kuyacetyiswa ukuba ithwale okhawulezayo entsha yophononongo aerospace omqengqelezi ngokubhekiselele nezobhalo ukuya nokulawula inkqubo.
• Ekugqibeleni, kufuneka ukuba ikhadi, kunye nolwazi ukuba uza ukujonga.

Intsingiselo yalo msebenzi kukuba ukongeza kwimemori ye Nomqhubi, zontathu ezi ndawo lokuzoba. imifuziselo zangoku ezi zixhobo kufuneka umqhubekekisi enamandla kakuhle isixa 'umxhelo RAM, ngoko ungayicima phakathi amakhadi ngephanyazo.

Ukumiselwa kwendlela

A indlela kwenziwa ngcono ngokusebenzisa imephu nezobhalo elisetyenziswayo lomqhubekisi phambili okanye sicwangciso. Asazi ngeke ikucebise ukusebenzisa le amaxwebhu ubudala. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba endaweni nomgxobhozo ngoku walihamba ndawo, kodwa elunxwemeni yehlathi basha ezabanjwa, akusayi kuba nako Kwathi, kuba le ndawo iye yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukuma. Card - kulungile, oko kuphela xa uninzi amatyala, la maxwebhu azicacanga kakhulu.

Kutheni ufoto lwasemoyeni imifanekiso yesathelayithi ikhethwa ikhadi?

Kodwa kutheni imizobo iphepha obuphantsi makenjenje iimveliso zobugcisa zale mihla? Ingongoma kwi zizathu zimbini zilandelayo:

• Okokuqala, ukufaneleka imifanekiso yesathelayithi okanye photo zasemoyeni kwiimeko ezininzi eziphezulu kakhulu. Xa beemaphu kunjalo vouchsafed ukuba balithethe gabalala iinkcukacha ezintsha kunye nezicwangciso ukukhululwa angoku ndawo?
• Xa imifanekiso ngokoqobo ngexesha lenene uya kukwazi ukubona iimpawu bendawo ethile. Kwimephu, okanye isicwangciso nezobhalo kweentlobo imithi yehlathi ziya kuboniswa kuphela ngokwalo kwaye kuphela ngokubanzi. Ngamafutshane, bakhubeke kungena phakathi noboya nespruce prolesok ezinde kakhulu kunokwenzeka, kwaye ehlathini elingqingqwa ukuba kulahleke lula kakhulu.

Ukukhetha le ndlela uze ujonge imifanekiso ezintsha, kucetyiswa ukuba kwimaphu endala. Kutheni kunzima kangaka? Masithi wena eziphilayo imveliso yasendle. Kufuneka ukuba ukujonga njani ehlathini akhule, owayebonakele iintlobo ezintsha umthi, iintlobo ezininzi ihlathi kwatshintsha yonke le minyaka. Ideal ukusombulula yonke le ngxaki kokubeka nje ikhadi elitsha umlingani walo endala. Ngenxa yoko, yonke into uba zibonakale ngokucacileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Nazi imithombo usebenzisa nokwakheka. Imephu - mhlawumbi yeyona ibalulekileyo kubo, kodwa asimele silibale ukuba kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, inzululwazi neteknoloji amagxathu kakhulu, kwaye ke ngoko yezinyabi ukuba basebenzise zonke impumelelo mihla.

isiphelo

Ngoko uyazi ukuba imithombo yolwazi lwejiyografi ngexesha lakalokunje, abaluleke kakhulu. Isimanga, kodwa zisasebenzisa zonke izicwangciso efanayo kunye neemephu ukuba yasungulwa ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Kakade ke, apha naphaya ukwenzela ukujonga zabo mihla.