Imigaqo yezobugcisa yintoni? Iintlobo zemigaqo yezobugcisa kunye neemfuno zabo

Umthetho wobugcisa ngumthetho wendalo kwaye uququzelelwe ekusungulweni, ekusebenziseni nasekuphunyezweni iimfuno ezinyanzelekileyo kwiimveliso zorhwebo, iinkqubo zokudalwa kwayo, iinkonzo, abasebenzi kunye noluntu osebenzayo, kunye nokuhlolwa okuchanekileyo kokuthotyelwa kwemfuneko.

Esinye sezixhobo zolawulo olunjalo yimigaqo yezobugcisa. Lo ngumqulu apho imithetho ibhaliwe malunga nezinto zokulawula ezobugcisa. Ezi zilandelayo zizahlukahlukileyo kwemveliso, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, ukuveliswa, ukusetyenziswa, ukugcinwa, ukuthutha, ukuthengisa kunye nokulahlwa kweenkqubo.

Isicelo kunye nokusetyenziswa koxwebhu kusemthethweni.

Imimiselo nemigaqo yobugcisa. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukudibanisa ezi ngcamango?

Iingcamango ezicetywayo azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthe ngqo. Kunoko, imimiselo yobugcisa yi-subspecies yemigaqo ebeka phambili iimfuno ezithile ezinokuthi zixhamle iimpawu zeempahla okanye iinkonzo, kunye nemibandela ethile yokuvelisa. Olu xwebhu lunokuthi luqulethe izimo zokulungiselela ukucaciswa kwegama lesiqhelo, ukutyunjwa, ukupakisha, ukubhalisa okanye ukubhalisa.

Umthetho wobugcisa: kutheni kuyadingeka?

Ukusetyenziswa kwemimiselo yezobugcisa kusekelwe kwiinjongo zilandelayo:

• Ukukhuselwa kwempilo okanye ubomi bemihlali ngokubanzi, izinto zepropati zabantu kunye namashishini angokomthetho, kunye nepropati ephethe urhulumente okanye oomasipala. Uxwebhu lolawulo "luchaza" iimfuno kumsebenzi wokuvelisa, kunye nemveliso efumaneka kwi-output. Ngenxa yoko, kwiimeko ezininzi, izimo ezinjalo zihlanganisene kwaye zimelele imigaqo yobugcisa, ezichazwe kwiimfuno ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikhombisi. Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yezobugcisa, yonke imigaqo ebekwe kuyo, kuyimfuneko yokuvelisa nokukhutshwa kweempahla.
• Ukukhuselwa kwendalo, impilo kunye nobomi babameli beeflora kunye nezilwanyana.
• Ukuthintelwa kwezenzo ngabakhiqizi, abangakhohlisayo abathengi. Nanku umsebenzi oyintloko wokumisela ukukhupha umzekelo wokubonelela umenzi ngeenkcukacha ezingahambelani nenyaniso. Ngaloo ndlela, ulwazi oluthembekileyo kuphela lunikwa. Isixhobo esisemgangathweni emzabalazweni wenyaniso kubumbano lweemilinganiselo.

Izinto

Imigaqo yemigaqo yobugcisa yile:

• Imveliso;
• Iinkqubo zoyilo lwemveliso, ukuveliswa, ukwakhiwa, ukufakwa, ukuthunyelwa, ukusetyenziswa, ukugcinwa, ukuthutha, ukuthengiswa nokucinywa.

Ukwahlula

Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela iimfuno ezibekwe ngayo:

• Imigaqo equlunqweyo yobugcisa. Lo myalelo ocacileyo weemfuno zeemveliso, apho impawu ezithile zeempawu zifakwe phambili.
• Imigaqo esemqoka. Babeka iimfuno ngendlela eqhelekileyo, kubandakanywa izikhombisi zekhwalithi ezibonakalisa olunye uhlobo okanye uhlobo oluthile lwemveliso okanye inkqubo yendalo.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yokuhambisa:

• Imigaqo jikelele yobugcisa. Ingabizwa ngokugqithiseleyo. Ezi zidingo zihlanganiswe kwiinkalo ezininzi zeemveliso malunga nemiba enxulumene nokhuseleko lweentlobo ezahlukeneyo: ukusingqongileyo, i-nyukliya, i-radiation, i-biological, umlilo, ukuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic kunye nabanye.
• Ezizodwa. Igama lesibili lime. Ukuphuhliswa kwamacandelwana ngamacandelo ayenomngcipheko othile wengozi, ngaphaya kwezinga elichongiweyo lomngcipheko kwimimiselo yezobugcisa jikelele.
• Imimiselo yezobugcisa. Le yiminye imithetho edibanisa ii-subspecies eziqhelekileyo nezizodwa.

Imigaqo yokugcina ubugcisa

Izinto zexwebhu ziyimashishini kunye nezixhobo.

Uhlobo lwemigaqo yezobugcisa ephantsi kokuqwalaselwa yimiqathango yemigaqo malunga nokugcinwa nokulungiswa kwezixhobo zokusebenza, kunye nemveliso nganye okanye iindawo ekusebenziseni, ukugcina nokuhamba.

Olu xwebhu luqulethe uluhlu olupheleleyo lwemisebenzi yokugcinwa kunye nokulungiswa okunyanzelekileyo, ukuchonga isisiseko kunye nomgaqo-siseko, ukuchithwa kobunzima bokusebenza. Ubunzima bemisebenzi luyimpawu yokukhusela kwaye lunokubandakanya iintlobo ezininzi zezenzo kuxhomekeke kwinto yokumisela.

Iinjongo kunye neenjongo

Ishedyuli yesondlo isetyenziselwa ukuqeda ukungasebenzi kwempahla. Ukuqwalasela oku, imisebenzi elandelayo iyazaliseka:

• Uhlolisiso lwangaphantsi lwemo lobugcisa bezinto ezilawulwayo;
• Ukutshintshwa kweenkcukacha zobunjwa obucwangcisiweyo kuthathwa kwiinkcukacha zokunciphisa;
• Ukucwangciselwa ukutshintshwa kokuxubusha, ukuxuba ukuxuba kunye nokuqhelaniswa kwesoxesha lokusebenza kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza;
• Ukuqhuba imisebenzi yokulungisa isimo esicwangcisiweyo ngokuqwalasela isantya sokugqoka.

Ishedyuli yesondlo ichaza ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwamanyathelo athile okujoliswe ekugcineni izixhobo kwindawo yokusebenza. Ngokutsho kwedatha yeenkcukacha, le ndlela yokuxazulula iingxaki zobuchwepheshe iqinisekisa ipesenti ephezulu yokulungela into yokulawula. Inkcitho - iindleko eziphezulu. Ngamanye amagama, ukugcinwa ngokwemiqathango kubonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu kweenkonzo, ngelixa liyona ndlela ebiza kakhulu yokugcina izixhobo ezinemeko enhle, kuba kungadingeki ukuba ilungiswe ngelo xesha.

Imigaqo yobugcisa kwizakhiwo zokhuseleko

Ilawula imigaqo yokuba izakhiwo nezakhiwo mazidibane: ukwakhiwa, ukufakwa, ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo. Zizinto zexwebhu.

Iziqulatho

Imigaqo yobugcisa kwizakhiwo zokhuseleko-lo ngumthetho osisigxina, obeka iimfuno ezincinci, kodwa eziyimfuneko zakhiwo nezakhiwo, kwakunye nemigaqo yokuqhubela phambili umsebenzi emsebenzini wokuyila, ukwakhiwa, ukufakwa, ukuthunyelwa, ukusetyenziswa nokucinywa.

Uluhlu lweemfuno lubandakanya:

• Khu seleko;
• Umlilo;
• Ukhuseleko ngexesha leenkqubo zendalo phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo zendalo kunye nempembelelo ye technogenic;
• Ukhuselo lwezakhiwo kunye nezibonelelo zabasebenzisi;
• Ukufikeleleka kwezakhiwo kunye nezinye izakhiwo zokwakha kubantu abanamakhono okunciphisa umzimba;
• Ukusebenza kwamandla okwakhiwa;
• Ukukhuselwa kwinqanaba leempembelelo zokwakha izinto kwindawo.

Imigaqo yezobugcisa zezakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo kufuneka iphunyezwe ngokupheleleyo ekuphunyezweni kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wokwakha kunye neenkqubo. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluphezulu.

Imigaqo yezobugcisa zezithuthi

Izinto zihamba ngeenqwelo-moya zentshukumo-mali, ezahlukileyo kwiinkalo L, M, N, O, ezijoliswe ekuqhutyweni kwindlela zorhulumente, kunye ne-chassis yezithuthi.

Imigaqo yezobuchwephesha zeenqwelo zamahashe ayithethi:

• Amashishini anesantya esikhulu esingaphantsi kwama-25 km / h.
• Kuthetha ukunyakaza, injongo yayo kukusebenza ezindleleni ezingekho zoluntu.
• Amashishini afakwa ngaphandle kwintsimi yecandelo lolawulo lweZiko loQoqosho loLuntu olulodwa kwiinyanga ezingaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu, ngokubhekiselele kummandla okhuselekileyo wezithethe, ongaboneleli ithuba lokuhlukanisa.
• Izibambiso zemidlalo.
• Izithuthi ezinamacandelo e-L kunye neM1, ezikhutshwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlulileyo.
• Amashishini eenkalo zeM2, iM3 kunye neH, ezingajoliswanga kwizothutho zorhwebo nezorhwebo, ukukhutshwa kwexesha elidlulileyo kwiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo nangaphezulu. Ngaloo ndlela injini kufuneka ibe yintsusa, ifana nomzimba okanye isakhelo ukuba oko kukhoyo.
• Izithuthi ezinazo imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe okanye ngamaqumrhu, abuye abe namanyathelo afanelekileyo kunye namalungelo ngokuhambelana nemimiselo eqhelekileyo kunye nemigangatho yomthetho ophakathi.

Iziqulatho

Imfuno yemigaqo yobugcisa yolu hlobo lukhusele ukhuseleko, oku:

• Ukunqandwa kokufakela iindidi zevili kunye neM1 kunye ne-N1 yeengxenye zesakhiwo, ubukhulu obuza kubonakala ngokucacileyo malunga nomgca wokugqithisa. Lo mgaqo awusebenzi kwizakhiwo ezibonelelwe zixhobo zefrikansi okanye zihlolwe ukuthotyelwa, ukubethelwa kwezitye ezili-500 ukuya kwi-gram, ezisetyenzisiweyo njengendlela yokukhusela yezibane, kunye nokubhalwa kwendlela yokukhutshwa koluntu kunye neenkcukacha zokulungiswa kwayo.
• Ukuvinjelwa kokusetyenziswa kwezinto ozongezelayo kwi-ozone kwisixhobo sokufudumala nesimo somoya esithuthi. Kukho uluhlu olukhethiweyo oluchongiweyo lwezinto ezinjalo ezingamkelekanga, okwakungumKhomishana weManyano.
• Izixhobo zokuhamba ngeendlela ze-satellite kunye ne-GLONASS kwinkqubo yeevili ezinamavili, ezibandakanyiweyo kwisigaba M, esenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo, kwaye kwicandelo N, elijoliswe ekuthuthweni kwezinto eziyingozi.
• Izixhobo ezinyanzelekileyo zezixhobo zobugcisa ukulawula ukuthotyelwa kwabanikazi beemoto nemigaqo yendlela yokuhamba kwendlela, abasebenzi kunye nokuphumla. Imimiselo yemigaqo yezobugcisa ihambelana nezithuthi ezikwinqanaba le-M2 ne-M3 (izithuthi zothutho zabathengi), kwakunye nakwiindidi ze-N2 ne-N3 (intengiso yezorhwebo).
• Ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lwesiRashiya kwinombolo yezixhobo ezisebenza njengekhonkco phakathi koomsebenzisi kunye neenkqubo zesekhompyutheni, ukubonelela ngeenkcukacha ezibonakalayo kunye nezwi, kunye nesimo sokuqhuba umyalelo wokulawula.
• Ukuqulunqwa kwesithuthi kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kweenkqubo zokurhweba kunye nokulawula, ukubonelela ngokufanelekileyo nokuzinza okuphezulu, ukhuseleko lomlilo, ukujonga ngokubanzi indawo yangaphandle yomntu onesondo, ukhuseleko lombane, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukulungiswa kwamandla kwipaneli yokulawula. Ukongeza, umatshini kufuneka akhiwe ngendlela enje ukuba, xa kwenzeka ingozi, iziphumo ezilimazayo kwizithuthi zithuthi ziyancitshiswa kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye ukufumaneka kwendlela yokuphuma kuyo kufumaneka lula.

Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yezobuchwephesha zezithuthi ezihamba ngesondo kufuneka kunikezwe ngumenzi ngamnye wezithuthi eziyimveliso yakhe kwiimarike zamanye amazwe angamalungu e-Union Customs.

Ummiselo wokukhusela umlilo

Lo ngumqulu wezomthetho, oyindlela yokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo wezobugcisa kummandla wokukhusela umlilo.

Ummiselo uchaza imigaqo-siseko yokukhusela umlilo, uzisa iinkqubo zokuhlenga kunye nemigaqo kule ndawo.

Izixhobo zemigaqo yezobugcisa ziquka: izakhiwo, izakhiwo, izinto zoshishino zokubaluleka kwemveliso, imveliso yezobugcisa zomlilo, iimpahla zomntu.

Iziqulatho

Imigaqo yokhuseleko lomlilo ibeka phambili iimfuno ezithile zemveliso yokuvelisa, izixhobo zokulwa nomlilo kunye nemveliso yoluntu.

Kwimixholo yolu xwebhu kukho umyalelo kwenkqubo yokuhlola ukuthotyelwa kwezinto eziphantsi kokukhuselwa, kunye nemithetho yokukhusela umlilo.

Imimiselo yeNyunyana yamaDare

KwiRussia Federation, iRiphabhlikhi yaseBelarus naseKazakhstan, inkqubo yokudibanisa yolawulo lobuchwepheshe iye yenziwa. Ukuthotyelwa kwemiqathango enjalo kulawulwa yiKhomishoni ye-Customs Union. Emva kokuba uxwebhu luqala ukusebenza, imimiselo yesizwe ilahlekelwa yinto ebalulekileyo kunye namandla. Imigaqo yezobugcisa ze-Customs Union yilezi zenzo zomthetho ezisebenza kwimimandla yamathathu amazwe. Oku kulungeleke kakhulu kumbono wezoqoqosho.

Kukho uluhlu olulodwa lweemveliso, malunga neyiphi imigaqo yobugcisa eyenziwe kwaye isungulwe kwisakhelo soMbutho weeMpahla. Olu luhlu lubandakanya:

• Izithuthi kunye nezixhobo zomatshini;
• Izixhobo eziphantsi kwamandla;
• Izixhobo eziphezulu zamandla;
• Iimpawu, ngenxa yokusebenza okufanelekileyo okufuna ukusetyenziswa kwefuthe lomhlaba;
• Amadivayisi asebenza ngaphantsi koxinzelelo;
• Iinqwelo eziqhuba imisebenzi yazo phantsi kwengcinezelo;
• Izixhobo zokusebenza ukusebenza kwiimeko eziqhubisayo;
• Izixhobo zokutsala;
• Abaphakanyisi;
• Izithuthi zokuhamba kwevili;
• Zixhobo ze trektara;
• Amashishini wokusebenza kwezolimo;
• Amashishini ngamahlathi;
• Tires;
• Isithuthi esithwalayo sothutho;
• Isitokisi esithwalayo se-metro;
• Iimoto zokukhanya ezihamba ngesitimela;
• Iintlobo zokuthuthwa kolwandle;
• Inkundla-malomerki;
• Uthutho lwamanzi lwangaphakathi;
• Izakhiwo;
• Izinto zokwakha;
• Izibonelelo zesithuthi sezothutho kunye nomasipala;
• Iindlela zendlela;
• Pyrotechnics;
• Iimvula ;
• Iimveliso zorhwebo lokukhanya;
• Amathoyizi;
• Imveliso yabantwana abancinci, kunye nabantwana abaselula;
• Iimpahla zokunakekelwa kwabantwana;
• Izitya;
• Iimveliso zephunga kunye nezococa;
• Ukucoceka ngomlomo kuthetha;
• Iipakethe zokufaka;
• Iindlela zokukhuselwa ngamnye;
• Inventory yokukhusela umlilo;
• Izixhobo zonyango;
• Imveliso yobuthakathaka;
• Imveliso yefenitshala;
• Imveliso yoshishini likhemikhali;
• Amagqabantshintshi okuvela kwimveliso;
• Impahla yamachiza emakhaya;
• Iipompo kunye neepende;
• Umanyolo;
• Iimpawu zokukhusela abamele izityalo;
• I-petroli, i-diesel, i-fuel for ships, ii-engines, i- oil oil ;
• Iiblue;
• Amanzi amitha (ijiji), igesi, i-thermal, ugesi;
• Izixhobo zokubala igolide elimnyama, iimveliso zokucoca ioli;
• Imveliso yokutya;
• Utywala;
• Ukutya kunye nezongezo;
• Imveliso yeGrain;
• Imveliso yengcambu;
• Isixhobo sezemidlalo okanye ukuzingela kwangaphambili, iimbane kuyo;
• Izixhobo zonxibelelwano zombane;
• Iimveliso zamalahle kunye namalahle kwimo yayo ecocekileyo.

ummiselo Technical kukhuseleko imveliso uhlobo oluthile iqulathe iimfuneko ezingundoqo, nto leyo zinyanzelekile ukuba ukuthobela yonke kubavelisi Russian, kwiRiphabliki of Belarus kunye Kazakhstan. Kungenjalo nempahla yabo nje uze ungangeni imarike. imveliso eyenziweyo, kwakunye neenkqubo ezinxulumene nemveliso yawo, kufuneka athobele ngokucacileyo ne-sanitary Uniform kunye indyikitya yesifo, ucoceko, lwezilwanyana kunye nezinye iimfuno ezibalulekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, iimveliso ngaphakathi kuluhlu enobunye ngokuyimfuneko kufuneka bangenele bayihlole eyodwa ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuthobela zonke iimfuno.