Imfuno: curve imfuno. Kwigophe Imfuno lamntu. Igrafu imfuno ijika

Uqoqosho lwesizwe yeselula kakhulu kwaye uzive ifuthe utshintsho imali, abasebenzi kunye nenkqubela zobugcisa. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha inkampani akakwazi ukuthengisa yonke umthamo imveliso, ekhokelela nokuthoba imveliso kunye nokuncitshiswa kwe-GDP. Oku kuchaza kuqoqosho yemfuno aggregate kunye nonikezelo. Le modeli aphendule imibuzo ukuba kutheni amaxabiso zinyuka, nto leyo ebonisa ukuveliswa yasekhaya kanye, kutheni itshintsha ephala njalo njalo. D. Ukuze lula ukuhlalutya iinkqubo kuqoqosho lwesizwe, siya ukwazisa isigama yonikezelo aggregate kunye nemfuno aggregate, kwakunye kwinqanaba nentengo.

Yintoni na imfuno?

Le mbono "imfuno aggregate," uqukumbela phezulu kuye ngokwakhe zonke imveliso yokugqibela loqoqosho lwesizwe, apho kukho imfuneko kwiimarike eli lizwe phantsi kweemeko ezithile ngexesha lekhefu elithile. Ngokutsho ukuzaliswa kwisemantiki ingqiqo iyafana kwimveliso yesizwe. ixabiso bayo bangonakala kumiselwa ifomula Fischer:

M * V = P * Q,

apho:

• M - lilonke ubonelelo ngemali;
• V - Velocity ingeniso;
• P - ngokungqinelana nenqanaba kwamaxabiso emveliso;
• Q - ubunzima lilonke zorhwebo kwiimarike kweli lizwe.

Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, kukho umahluko phakathi kwezi ndidi:

1. GNP uzimisele kulo nyaka, imfuno aggregate - kuba naliphi na ubude bexesha.
2. GNP ibandakanya, kunye iimpahla kunye neenkonzo, lo gama imfuno iqulathe iimveliso zokwenene.
3. GNP sisiphumo umsebenzi iinkampani zikaRhulumente. Kunye nezifundo kwemfuno aggregate ziquka:

• labemi - kwemfuno yeempahla yabathengi (C);
• Company - imfuno mali (I);
• State - ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokuthenga karhulumente (G);
• ezithunyelwa net - ezithunyelwa ngaphandle minus nezingenayo kaRhulumente (Xn).

Ifomula yokubala imfuno aggregate (AD) iya kuba:

AD = C + mna + G + e.

Oko kubonisa curve imfuno?

Kwakhona, esebenzisa igrafu, ungakwazi ukubonisa imfuno iyonke. Kwigophe imfuno (AD) kwi esqwini iququzelele ibonisa kwinqanaba lamaxabiso (P), kwaye abscissa - yokwenene (amaxabiso kwexesha isiseko) imveliso.

Lo mzobo ubonisa ukuhla inkcitho karhulumente, iinkampani, amazwe oluntu amazwe, nto leyo zibangelwa utshintsho kwinqanaba amanani. Imfuno curve aggregate lubonisa wokuhla kwi kwemfuno yeempahla njengoko kokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngaphezu koko, le unciphiso kuchaphazela ngokupheleleyo zonke iinkalo zobomi koqoqosho: utyalo-mali, ngesifo sephepha, kumazwe angaphandle (net) kunye nenkcitho karhulumente.

Izinto Price negalelo xa zifunwaComment

Kuhlalutywa AD kwigophe le igrafu, ubona oko aphuma kwindalo, nto leyo wachaza ezi ziphumo zilandelayo:

1. wenzala. Xa iimeko rhoqo, kungona umlinganiselo, inowuthi umthamo imfuno aggregate. ixabiso elikhulu zesi salathisi kunciphisa zokuboleka kunye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukuthenga. Utshintsho kwi kwigophe imfuno ukusuka aphansi - eliphikisayo, kwaye noqoqosho iyaloleka.
2. lithenga Rhweba (umyinge wonaniselwano lwemali kazwelonke). Ukuhla ukuxabiseka kwemali yesizwe kukhokelela iimpahla zitshiphu eziveliswa kweli lizwe. Ngenxa yoko, ukwandisa ukhuphiswano lwabo kwiimarike zehlabathi, ethunyelwa landa, ngoko ke, ukwanda kunye nemfuneko lamntu. Kwigophe imfuno utshintsha exandekeni.
3. kubutyebi. Ukunyuka amaxabiso kukhokelela ekuncipheni kwexabiso imali iphepha waza wazuza ifomu elingana. Ukuwa kwamaxabiso, phezu koko, ukunyuka ukuthenga amandla, yaye abantu okunene ukuba inani elifanayo uzive zityeba, yaye imfuno ukhula.

Xa zidityanisiwe, ezi zizinto kukhokelela kukuba kwithambeka kwigophe mithi negative. Ezi meko ixabiso, kunye nefuthe kwabo ingqalelo xa imeko yonikezelo imali rhoqo kuqoqosho lwesizwe.

ifuthe lazo Non

Utshintsho lwe kwigophe imfuno limi ngolu hlobo kwaye okubangelwa zizinto ukuba ibe nefuthe utshintsho inkcitho ekhaya, amashishini norhulumente.

yokusebenzisa imali

• ntle kwabathengi. Ukunciphisa inani kanye cash and cash equivalents kukhuthaza imali. Ngenxa yoko, ukuncipha kumsebenzi okuthenga shift abasindileyo kwigophe (and vice versa).
• uqikelelo Consumer nokulindelweyo. Ukuba umxhasi ufuna ukwandisa ingeniso kwixesha elizayo, kuya sele uchitha ngaphezulu (and vice versa).
• "Imbali Credit" kwabathengi. FNB High evela ukuthenga ezidlulileyo ngetyala kunyanzeleka ukuba uthenge ngaphantsi namhlanje ze wonge imali ekuhlawuleni imali-mboleko ekhoyo. Kwigophe le okufunwa ziimalike kwakhona shift ekhohlo.
• iirhafu State. Ukunciphisa izinga yerhafu kwingeniso ibandakanya ukukhula lokuphumelela kwandisa amandla alo oyithengayo kwinqanaba ngexabiso rhoqo.

iinkcitho mali

• Umyinge wenzala. Ngaphandle ukungaguquleki kweemeko zoqoqosho, kuquka inqanaba kwamaxabiso, nayiphi na ukwanda ngamandla ukunciphisa iindleko zotyalo-mali, yaye oku kuya kunyanzeleka kukhokelela ekubeni imfuno iza kuncipha. Imfuno curve shift ukuya ngasekhohlo kwakhona.

• Imbuyekezo kulindeleke kwi investment. sezulu mali elilungileyo kunye noqikelelo elungileyo ukuze kwenzeke ingeniso eqokelelwe elizayo ngokuyimfuneko uya kwandisa nemfuno ukumnika imali. Ngako oko liziphatha kunye neshedyuli. Kwigophe imfuno iya shift ekunene.
• xi Tax. Ukuba liphakamile ixabiso, abadlali zoqoqosho ngaphantsi nzuzo, nto leyo stimulus ongqingqwa ekuncipheni mali iindleko umsebenzi kunye nemfuneko ngokubanzi.
• Height ngokugqithisileyo. Inkampani, ingasebenzi bapheleleyo, bendingayi ukucinga naziphi nezandiso. Ukuba amandla ziza kuncitshiswa, apho kuya kubakho inkuthazo ukunyusa imimandla nokuvulwa kwee-ofisi ezintsha, njalo njalo. Ngenxa yoko, ukwanda kwesi salathisi kunciphisa imfuno iimveliso zotyalo-mali, oko ukunciphisa kunye nemfuneko lamntu. Kwigophe imfuno iya shift ekhohlo.

ukuthengwa zoluntu

Amaxabiso Ngaphandle ukungaguquleki, inzala kunye kokuba kutsalwe irhafu kwandisa ukuthengwa kuya kukhokelela ekwandeni kwemfuno aggregate. Oko kukuthi, ulwalamano phakathi kwezi ndidi ngokwezoqoqosho umlinganiselo ngqo.

iindleko amazwe

ukukhula kwabo kukhokelela utshintsho kwishedyuli ekunene, yancitshiswa - ekhohlo. Ngoko kusengqiqweni ukuba ukwehla kwi yokufika impahla evela kwamanye amazwe kwandisa imfuno zasekhaya iimveliso zasekhaya. Kwigophe Imfuno aggregate iishifti kuchatshazelwa yi nezikhombisi zilandelayo ezinxulumene angaphandle:

• Ingeniso zoqoqosho zesizwe kwamanye amazwe. Okukhona imali-abathenga lweemveliso, kokukhona kwiimveliso zethu baya kuthenga. Oku kuya kwandisa izinga kumazwe net kwilizwe lethu yaye kwandisa imfuno lamntu.
• rates Exchange. Ukunciphisa izinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali kazwelonke ngokuchasene lwemali welinye ilizwe kukhokelela ekuncipheni kwemfuno yangaphakathi asuka kunye nokwanda kumazwe angaphandle kwelo lizwe. Ngenxa yoko, ukwanda ezithunyelwa ngaphandle net kunye nemfuneko lamntu. Le nkqubo, Kakade ke, kuya kuba nefuthe layo kwishedyuli. Kwigophe imfuno iya shift ekunene.

Umdibaniso Mutual anoqoqosho yesizwe enkulu ngokwaneleyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto utshintsho kwiimpawu zoqoqosho na mapping kweenkqubo ezininzi zihlanganise.

ifuthe imali

Imfuno curve - ukuboniswa graphic lweentsingiselo kwezoqoqosho kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Enye into ebalulekileyo echaphazela ukubana lwakhe olungaka abekelwe ukugcina, isibonisi unikezelo yengeniso ngesifo kunye yokonga.

Njengoko esiphelweni, kufuneka kongezwe ukuba kwigophe imfuno ubonisa nge lisisiqalo zayo ekunene okanye umlinganiswa lasekhohlo ngempembelelo non-ixabiso kwi-mali iyonke.

Yintoni na ubonelelo iyonke?

Ingcamango lonikezelo iyonke ishwankathela zonke iimpahla zokugqibela kunye neenkonzo ezinikezelwa kwiimarike yelizwe ngexesha elithile phantsi kweemeko rhoqo. Eli nani alingane GDP, njengoko limele wonke umthamo kwimveliso eyiyo.

Xa Uqoqosho ishedyuli unikezelo aggregate ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba zengqesho (incomplete isondela ngokupheleleyo yaye iphelele) amacandelo amathathu:

• Range Keynesian (nkqo).
• Range esiPhakathi (inyuka).
• Range Classical (nkqo).

iziphakamiso ezintathu ingxenye

Keynesian ingxenye (Range Keynesian) unikezelo igophe uhlala tyaba kwinqanaba elithile ixabiso, ebonisa ukuba inkampani ukunika nawuphi na umthamo yemveliso kwinqanaba elifanayo.

Icandelo Classical igrafikhi (Intermediate Range) isoloko nkqo. Umele rhoqo of umthamo yokukhululwa kwempahla kwi uluhlu ethile ngexabiso.

Inxalenye esiPhakathi (Range Classical) oluphawula ukuzibandakanya okuqhubekayo imibandela ezamahala imveliso kwimida ethile. phambili ukubandakanyeka kwabo ekugqibeleni, ukunyusa indleko, yaye ngenxa yoko ixabiso. Ngcembe kwandisa iindleko zeenkonzo iimpahla ngokuchasene nentsukaphi yokukhula kwemveliso olukhawulezayo ezinjalo.

ifuthe lazo Non

Zonke izinto non-ixabiso endalo, nto leyo iba nefuthe kwinqanaba ngesifo sephepha, yahlulwe:

1. ukuhla nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kwezibonelelo:

• zangaphakathi - kunye nokwanda kwenani kwezibonelelo zangaphakathi, iinguqulelo ubonelelo igophe ukuya ekunene;
• Amaxabiso yokungenisa - ukuncipha yabo iya kwandisa unikezelo iyonke (and vice versa).

2. Utshintsho emyalelweni;

• Irhafu kunye nezibonelelo. Ukwandisa umthwalo werhafu kwandisa iindleko zemveliso, yandisa, ngokulandelelana, ubonelelo iyonke. Izibonelelo, phezu koko, ukunceda iinaliti zemali kungena ishishini kunye kukhokelela ekuthotyweni iindleko ze kwandiswe ubonelelo.
• ummiselo State. ulawulo karhulumente kakhulu kwandisa iindleko imveliso kwaye ngokutshintsha kwigophe unikezelo ukuya ekhohlo.

iziphumo

Ukufunda ukuhla elifutshane kuqoqosho usebenzisa imodeli yemfuno aggregate kunye nonikezelo. Intsingiselo yalo mbono kukuba izinga kwimveliso yezinto losetyenziso, kwakunye amaxabiso zabo zitshintshiwe ngendlela ukulungelelanisa unikezelo aggregate kunye nemfuno.

Phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, ishedyuli imfuno uya kuba kwithambeka ezimbi. Oku kuphakamisa nkqubo zilandelayo:

1. Ukuwa amaxabiso kubangela ukwanda ixabiso elililo-asethi zemali kumakhaya, owona mba ukusetyenziswa yashukunyiswa.
2. iirhafu Low ukunciphisa nemfuno imali, ukwanda iindleko zotyalo-mali.
3. Ukwehlisa kwinqanaba lamaxabiso evusa ukuhla kwesantya senzala. Nokulandelelana ukuwa izinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali kazwelonke luvuselele net ezithunyelwa ngaphandle.

supply curve othunyelweyo sijolise ekuhambeni kwexesha. Oku kungenxa yokuba inani iinkonzo kunye neemveliso kuxhomekeke zabasebenzi, ubuchwepheshe kunye capital kuqoqosho, kunokuba kwinqanaba ixabiso jikelele. igophe elifutshane-gama liye kwithambeka entle.

Ukuqonda System "imfuno obuyi - ukusetyenziswa othunyelweyo" kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukuqonda iinkqubo zoqoqosho. Nakuba kunjalo, izikolo ezininzi ziyaphikisana ukuya izibakala efanayo, kwaye kunzima ukufikelela kwisigqibo jikelele kwi umahluko kwindlela elitolikwe ngayo into efanayo. Uhlobo nkqubo yezoqoqosho kunye neziphumo ezibangelwa oko kuxhomekeke ngqo neenjongo kunye neenjongo zabantu abe nefuthe ngqo kwikhosi kweenkqubo kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo.