Ilungelo lokuvota na ... I-siseko Russian Federation. Ilungelo lokuvota in Russian

Abemi Russian afakwa inani elikhulu yamalungelo ngokuphathelele ukhetho abasemagunyeni ukuyilwa imibutho karhulumente wengingqi, kunye nokuba wenze utshintsho kwi-siseko. Ngokwemiqathango umxholo imithetho elawula unyulo eRashiya, ilizwe lethu - omnye kakhulu yedemokhrasi ehlabathini. Kakade ke, siya kude eSwitzerland na, nedemokhrasi yayo ngqo, kodwa ke urhulumente unika baseRashiya zonke izibonelelo ulawulo epheleleyo yabantu abanam lizwe.

Yintoni na ilungelo lokuvota

Ilungelo lokuvota - inkqubo yemithetho elawula unyulo kufuneka zibanjwe njani kwi abasemagunyeni kwinqanaba ezahlukeneyo, nokuba okanye ilungelo labemi mzi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo yonyulo kwi amalungelo okuvota okanye ubume zomviwa. Kuzo zombini kweemvakalelo ilungelo lokuvota enxulumene, umzekelo, unyulo kaRhulumente Duma, unyulo umongameli eRashiya, yengingqi kunye neenkokheli kamasipala.

Utoliko elithi "ilungelo lokuvota", ezinxulumene ne-nxaxheba ngabemi kokhetho, ithetha uhlobo eyimpumelelo esebenzayo. Okokuqala - oku xa umntu uba umlingwa-ofisi ethile yolawulo okanye ezopolitiko. Okwesibini - xa ethanda. Ngamanye amaxesha lohlelo ubizwa ngokuba ukwahlulwa ibe yemithetho njongo, xa umntu ekhetha umntu kunye luluvo, xa uba umviwa. Eyona nto kuwo nawuphi na umthetho - ubukho izithintelo ukuba abanye abantu yaye ukungabikho abanye. Ngoko ke kunjalo ilungelo lokuvota: hayi bonke abemi bonke abantu abanako ukufikelela ngokwasemzimbeni ngokonyulo, afakwa ikhono bavote okanye abaviwa.

Basics ilungelo lokuvota in Russian

IiNtloko koomasipala, ezi Izifundo Federation, amasekela lamabhunga kunye State Duma, oosodolophu, umongameli Russia - bonke bephela ezikhethiweyo (ukuba nayiphi na imithetho yase kanye ommandla kungekho ungquzulwano kunye nezinye izinto musa ukuvumela ezinye) abemi ngokusekelwe unyulo jikelele, lingana kwaye ngokuthobela vu le kuvotwe. Ilungelo lokuvota kwi Russian Federation isekelwe phezu umthetho oluthile yahlulwe kumanqanaba eziliqela. Lo Mthetho Federal (FZ) malunga franchise, yengingqi kunye nezenzo kamasipala.

unyulo jikelele eRashiya, oko kukuthi, wonke ummi unelungelo lokuvota onyulwe. Ezinye iziqinisekiso, kodwa yena uye kakhulu zincwadi lulubonakalisa luluvakalisa: ivoti (oko kukuthi, ukuba ukusebenzisa i esebenzayo okanye ilungelo ayinyani lokuvota) Yiyiphi ekuphela abemi abadala (18 iminyaka), kuba umviwa (ukusebenzisa ekunene isixando okanye injongo) - labantu abaneminyaka eli-21 ubudala. Imithetho abavumelekanga ukuba ukuvota kwaye ukuba onyulwe Abemi bamfumana engathethekiyo ziinkundla, kwakunye sikhonza ixesha entolongweni. Abantu emhlabeni wonke umthetho eRussia kuthetha ukuba umntu ligunya elinobuchule ukwala ukwamkelwa lonyulo, angafaka isibheno enkundleni kwaye silindele ukufumana impendulo zingadlulanga iintsuku ezimbini.

Eyona mithombo ilungelo lokuvota in Russian

Ilungelo lokuvota - kule meko, esekelwe kwimithetho. Undoqo ku Russia zezi zilandelayo. Okokuqala, kuba uMgaqo-Russian Federation, umthetho iphambili kweli lizwe. Okwesibini, uMthetho Federal "On zimvo", iindlela zokulawula zikazwelonke yokuthetha kwimiba enxulumene imo lonke eli lizwe. Okwesithathu, le imithetho yase elawula unyulo abasemagunyeni, ngokunjalo ukuchaza izibonelelo ezingundoqo amalungelo lonyulo labemi Russia. Phakathi kwabo umthetho federal "Ngomhla unyulo lukaMongameli," "ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko abemi ye-Russian Federation ukunyula kwaye unyulelwe balapho-government." Okwesine, emithonjeni yomthetho lonyulo abakulo Russian imithetho zomongameli, izenzo zendawo amagosa olawulo, iintloko koogunyaziwe benqila kunye noomasipala. Maxa wambi ukufezekisa ilungelo lokuvota iba lilungelo leZiko eliQinisekisa kaRhulumente Koti kunye Central Election iKomishoni, abo benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo, xa kukho imfuneko.

amalungelo okuvota baseRashiya

Ziziqinisekiso amalungelo yonyulo abemi ithi mihla ukuthatha isimilo inkqubo, olawulwa liqela lemithetho ezithile. Zimisela indlela ngokuhambelana apho kukho ukhetho lamagosa okanye imibutho yezopolitiko ukumela iimfuno ngabemi abasemagunyeni ezahlukeneyo. Kukho umthetho eyahlukileyo elawula inkqubo yedemokhrasi - ". On Iziqinisekiso Basic of Rights yoNyulo kunye nelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba abemi lwezimvo RF" uMthetho Federal

Phakathi abemi ibalulekileyo, ezibalulekileyo phantse uqinisekisa amagqwetha ekunene besithi. Okokuqala, akukho siqinisekiso zezopolitiko. Bona ezinxulumene ezahlukeneyo iingcamango, ukulingana yabantu, umanyaniswe izinto ezifanayo phambi komthetho, inkululeko kukuphazamiseka, ukubandakanyeka ababukeleyo ezizimeleyo. Okwesibini, le nto siqinisekiso amalungelo lonyulo: iindleko unyulo kumanqanaba ohlukeneyo babelwa ibhajethi elo lizwe, kummandla okanye umasipala. Okwesithathu, ukuba izikhuselo zomthetho kufanelekile ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka konyulo. Abemi phantsi ezi ziqinisekiso angafaka isibheno kumanyathelo amagosa achaphazelekayo entlanganweni yokuvota nokubala kweziphumo.

Iintlobo iinkqubo zonyulo baseRashiya

Ilungelo lokuvota - luhlobo nendlela. Ukuzinza umsebenzi wakhe ubandakanya ukunamathela kwimilinganiselo ethile. Phakathi kwabo, umzekelo, ifomathi kweenkqubo lonyulo. ERashiya, kukho ezimbini - uninzi nenokulungelelana. Kulonyulo yokuqala eyaqhutyelwa-ilungu elinye okanye multi-ilungu amaziko. iziphumo Ukuvota zibalwa ngokusekelwe isininzi seevoti omviwa okanye abagqatswa. Kokuba isicelo uninzi ingundoqo ngokubanzi, xa umviwa ophumelele kufuneka ukuwina kwe-50% ye-voti, okanye isalamane xa ophumeleleyo ngulowo ofumene ivoti ubuncinane omnye ngaphezu nayiphi na kontanga yayo.

format ngokwenani leevoti - oku xa abavoti bavotele kwizintlu zabavotelwa kwasekwa imibutho yezopolitiko (amaqela okanye blocs). Inkqubo Uninzi yi uphawu unyulo umongameli Russian, lweerhuluneli zeengingqi, oosodolophu. format ngokwenani leevoti asetyenziswe kunyulo ukuba uDuma kunye nabameli basekuhlaleni. Noko ke, kwezinye iingingqi, kukho izandulela ukonyulwa zamasekela kurhulumente wengingqi kunye nenkqubo majoritarian.

fomati ezithile iinkqubo zonyulo esekwe yi imithetho ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo. Xa kufikwa apho unyulo lukaMongameli okanye amasekela kaRhulumente Duma, kukho imigaqo efakiwe federal. Ngenxa yoko, xa yolonyulo kwimimandla weRashiya, koomasipala kwindawo yokuqala imithetho yasekuhlaleni yomthetho, kodwa kuphela ukuba ngaba yakuphika imithetho yase kanye-siseko. Nayiphi na imithetho malunga nokulawulwa kweenkqubo unyulo kufuneka bathobele uMthetho Federal "On Iziqinisekiso esiSiseko Rights woNyulo", leyo ikhankanywe ngasentla.

Ngubani nendlela ukutshintsha siseko

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, uMgaqo-siseko Russian Federation - ngumthetho iphambili kweli lizwe. Zonke owayamileyo kufuneka kumkhawulela. Umgaqo-siseko lihlaziywe inxalenye (kuphela 1, 2, no-9 izahluko), oko izilungiso (Isahluko 3-8).

Ngubani inegunya lokwenza izindululo nezilungiso okubhaliweyo-siseko okanye uhlaziyo ezinye iinxalenye zayo? Eli lungelo has a lot of igunya: uMongameli, uRhulumente Duma, iBhunga Federation, urhulumente Russian kunye nabameli lwemimandla. Ikhondo Rule yale kuhlaziywe ii-siseko amalungu aya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo igunya kuqala. Inyaniso: nxaxheba ngqo kwi inguqu-siseko ukuze ithathe abemi ngokwabo.

Umzekelo, ukuba ngaphezu kwe-60% seevoti zamalungu Federation kwiBhunga Duma State neerhuluneli ebizwa zokuba kuhlaziywe ii-siseko, ngoko nangoko obize le yoWiso-siseko. amalungu alo ukwenza enye izigqibo ezimbini: shiya umthetho engundoqo lizwe ngaphandle naluphi na utshintsho okanye ukuphuhlisa iprojekthi entsha. Kwaye apha inkqubo Unakho ukuqhagamshela abemi baseRashiya. Ukuba ezimbini kwezintathu yoWiso-siseko akayi kuba nako ukwenza isigqibo isisombululo, kucetywa ukuba wenze eRashiya. Ukwamkela siseko uyilo omtsha kuyimfuneko "ewe" iivoti ngaphezu kwesiqingatha abemi, kunye abengaphezulu-50%. Ilungelo lokuvota Russian - kuba nalo ithuba abahlali lizwe ukuze okanye ukutshintsha umthetho esisiseko.

Omnye umzekelo - ukuqwalaselwa Bill ukuqaliswa kwezilungiso kwi-siseko isahluko 3 ukuya 8 nguRhulumente Duma. Oku kwenzeka e ukufunda ezintathu, nto leyo efana kakhulu ngenkqubo zokwamkelwa imithetho yase. Ukugunyazisa ukulungiswa kufuneka bungabi ngaphantsi kwe-esithathwini ezimbini zamasekela. Emva sicatshulwa yokufundwa amathathu oyilwayo iya ingxoxo kwiBhunga Federation, yaye apho ukuvotela "ukuba" kufuneka kwiikota ezintathu wamalungu. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, ngoko ke oyilwayo upapashwa iincwadi ezisemthethweni, yaye kunokuba zifumaneka ngabemi. Ngelo xesha ke wathumela imizimba emele Federation. Ukuze ube umthetho osayilwayo yinxalenye, oko kuyimfuneko-ezimbini kwezintathu koogunyaziwe benqila evunyiweyo kuyo. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, isenzo uthunyelwa ukusayinwa ngumongameli Russian.

Unyulo kaRhulumente Duma

Inkqubo Russian yomthetho yonyulo ibandakanya iqela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo unyulo. Omnye kubo - ukonyulwa zamasekela zendlu esezantsi Russian yePalamente (Duma). Le nkqubo lilawulwa nguMthetho Federal "Ngomhla Unyulo yamaSekela." Phantsi kwalo Mthetho, i-Duma State onyuliweyo ngabemi okuvota yesifundo. Indlu esezantsi ePalamente isoloko kunyulwa amasekela-450. Ukhetho kwenziwa kwinqanaba federal ngokomlinganiselo seevoti ezenziweyo ukulungiselela izintlu abaviwa ngamaqela ezopolitiko. Oko akuthethi ukuba uvotela umntu othile, kodwa kuphela ukuba umanyano yezopolitiko apho ibhalisiwe. Emva kokufumana ipesenti ethile leevoti iqela lifumana i ngokomlinganiselo inani lezihlalo 450 kwi Duma.

Elect amasekela bangabemi Russian abaneminyaka eli-18 ubudala. Kwakhona amaRashiya abadala inxaxheba lokusekwa izintlu zamaqela zabaviwa, zokugaya iivoti, sebenzisa unyulo hamba ngayo, indlela neekhomishini onyulo (kubandakanywa esweni ukubala of results). Abemi abaneminyaka engama-21 ubudala, ungenza ntoni ukuzama yena abe ngumgqatswa kunyulo kuRhulumente Duma.

Unyulo namasekela lwegumbi esezantsi yePalamente otyunjwe nguMongameli. INtloko kaRhulumente kufuneka anikele okulungileyo, zingedlulanga iintsuku ezingama-90 phambi komhla ivoti (ngeCawa ngolokuqala enyangeni leyo, xa ixesha kaRhulumente Duma ye intlanganiso yangoku siphelelwe lixesha).

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, ukuba indima engundoqo unyulo zamasekela zikaRhulumente Duma uthuma yonyulo badlale. Sekusenziwa yokuvota kwiindawo zengingqi - kwiidolophu neelali. Xa ukhetho kuRhulumente Duma, naliphi na iqela inxaxheba kunyulo uthuma abameli babo. Ezintathu kubo: a ilungu lokuvota yekomiti, umntu ogunyazisiweyo ukuba ukunika kwivoti zokucebisa, kumbukeli. Ngamnye kubo sinikezwe uluhlu ethile lwemisebenzi. Amalungelo njengelungu lekhomishini yonyulo ababelwe ngumthetho. Makhe enokuthi, umzekelo, i-mkhanyo. Okokuqala, ithi iqinisekise ukuchaneka ukubalwa kweevoti. Okwesibini, kulungile ukuqwalasela bavotele ingqibelelo yabo, amanqaku achanekileyo "for" okanye "nxamnye." Kunokuba esweni ukuchaneka protocol, ebonisa isiphumo kwivoti, aye kudibana namanye amaxwebhu anxulumene nonyulo.

Yintoni idemokhrasi ngqo

Kukho into enjalo - lufane ngqo. Le yinkqubo apho imithetho musa ukwamkela umzimba nommeli (iBhunga okanye Duma), kwaye ngokwabo abemi belo lizwe okanye ngumbutho wezopolitiko. Iindlela inokuba nomahluko apha: ngeenkongolo, kwiiforam, njl Ngokwembali, idemokhrasi ngqo ngaphambi ummeli. Olu hlobo urhulumente kwenziwa ngexesha impucuko yamandulo kumaXesha Aphakathi ekuqaleni (kubandakanywa neRashiya ngohlobo Chamber weSizwe).

Ngoku idemokhrasi ngqo ezifumaneka ngaphandle kwinqanaba amaqela amancinane (umzekelo, xa ukhetha Usodolophu kwiqela eyunivesithi). Kukho izinto ulawulo ngqo ngabantu, kwaye abanye oomasipala, ezifana kwi kibbutzim Israel, kwi cantons Swiss (kunye on-uza zimvo kazwelonke Switzerland).

Umzekelo kwedemokhrasi ngqo e-Switzerland

Cinga imodeli Swiss wentando ngqo. Nanku umzekelo apho amaziko yedemokhrasi ngqo uqinisekise ilungelo lokuvota - oko sisixhobo ukuphembelela-nkqubo kazwelonke. Kutshanje, a zimvo yabanjwa lizwe apho sasiba koba kukho umbuzo zokuqinisa le nkqubo wabavela. Ukuze into ukuthatha imithetho engqongqo kakhulu, vo 78,8% Swiss. Ngenxa yoko, ekwindla 2015 kuya kuba nzima abafudukayo ezinokwenzeka naturalized kweli lizwe European: ziya, umzekelo, kumisa iinkampu ezizodwa iimbacu ukuvavanya abantu. Le umzekelo ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo inani labahlalutyi, yonke yehlabathi iye yabonisa indlela esebenzayo kufutshane ebantwini, izimo bakhe idemokhrasi ngqo, kwakunye ngokubanzi nje njani na amalungelo lonyulo abemi.

Imbali lwentando Swiss, ngokutsho mbali ezininzi, uthatha ubalo ukususela kwinkulungwane XVI. Kwaza oorhulumente ekuthiwa "landsgemaynde" ezilawulwa kubomi boluntu basekuhlaleni. Ilungelo lokuvota namadoda kuphela banelungelo ephatha isixhobo. Inyathelo elilandelayo imbonakalo kwedemokhrasi ngqo Swiss - i-zimvo lokuqala, ngoMeyi 1802. Emva koko ke okuthandwayo yamkelwa siseko Helvetic Republic.

Ngoku wonke ummi Swiss unako, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba bavote, yaye okwesibini - ukuqalisa ingxoxo lesizwe iBhili etshintsha umGaqo-izenzo lwangoku, iikhowudi okanye uMgaqo-siseko. Kunjalo, kuya kufuneka ukuba uqokelele imali eninzi zasayinwa kuba phulo sele ibhalisiwe. Imali ethile kuxhomekeke kwiindidi zabo zimvo. ESwitzerland, kukho ezimbini - ungayikhetha nesibophelelayo (neesiginitsha 100 000) (kuba kuyimfuneko iisiginitsha 50,000 ngu).

Lo mahluko lulula wacacisa: zimvo elinganyanzelekanga - oku kudla kunjalo nxamnye wamkelwe yiPalamente umthetho, oko kukuthi zivuse i zimvo ozikhethelayo kufuneka iimeko ezithile, kunye lwezimvo esibophelelayo - yinkqubo ka "ekuqaleni", apho ukuthobela iimeko ezizodwa ezifunekayo.

Unyulo lukaMongameli of Russia

Russia, ngokutsho iingcali ezininzi - republic kamongameli. Yiloo nto ke isikhundla intloko karhulumente ayikho wesiqhelo (ezifana eJamani), uMongameli de jure yaye de facto lugxile amandla enkulu ezandleni zabo, nangenxa yomthetho Russian lonyulo unika intloko karhulumente inkqubo yokukhetha iqela iimpawu ezizodwa ezahlula le nkqubo ngalunye, umzekelo, neerhuluneli State Duma.

Umthetho yonyulo icacisa ukuba umongameli Russia ayikwazi abe ngummi ongaphantsi kweminyaka engama-35 (kwimeko unyulo kuRhulumente Duma yokuvota iminyaka - 21). Oku kungenxa indima ekhethekileyo kunye noxanduva olukhulu enhlokweni onyulwe karhulumente. Kwakhona kwi-ofisi umongameli Russia umviwa ubuncinane iminyaka elishumi ukuya kuhlala kwilizwe labo. Ngokuphathelele oku iziqu ukutolika ezimbini. Amanye amagqwetha bakholelwa ukuba kwiminyaka elishumi yokuhlala zingafumaneka ngokuthi UPawulos amaxesha ahlukeneyo lokuhlala eRashiya. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuphila ngokuqhubekekayo.

Ukuba ukhetho kuRhulumente Duma, iqela elinye ingathatha ubuncinane zonke izihlalo 450 amaxesha amaninzi mkrozweni mnye, owayengumongameli Russia kunokuba kabini kuphela emgceni. Kukholelwa ukuba inani eliqingqiweyo lomongameli kwakhona unyulo-kungavimbela authoritarianism. Ukutshintsha ubuntu njengomongameli, njengoko abanye abahlalutyi ezopolitiko, - nemeko loxolo, ukuziphatha esemthethweni eliphikisayo, apho kusoloko kukho ithuba lokuba babeke umgqatswa lwabo kunyulo nicule. Kungenjalo, le inkcaso zinokulungiselela ubhedu. siseko Russian kuvumela umntu ofanayo ukubamba ngumongameli izihlandlo zazithathu, izihlandlo ezine, kodwa hayi kabini emgceni.

intloko lonyulo karhulumente Russian baqeshwa liBhunga Federation, zingedlulanga iintsuku ezingama-120 phambi komhla kuvotwe. Kanye njengokuba kwimeko yokunyulwa zamasekela likaRhulumente Duma, ivoti ukwenzeka ngeCawa wokuqala wenyanga apho amagunya umhla wokugqibela kamongameli. Hi ndlela leyi, iBhunga Federation akakwazi abizele unyulo, kodwa iya kubanjelwa ngeCawa yesibini okanye yesithathu kwinyanga apho abemi ukunyula uMongameli ngexesha lokugqibela.

kukhetho lukaMongameli Russia ukuze njengongasebenziyo izihlandlo eziliqela. Okokuqala, ukuba ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha iinkalo lwabavoti. Okwesibini, ukuba Central Election Commission wabonisa ipesenti ephezulu zokungahambi kakuhle ukubalwa kweevoti. Okwesithathu, ukhetho irhoxisiwe ukuba ngaphezu kwe-25% kwezikhululo zokuvota nokuvota iziphumo ayisebenzi.

ngumongameli Russian ukuba onyulwe kumjikelo wokuqala, ukuba uchwetheza ngaphezu kwe-50% ye-kuvotwe. Ukuba ayiwenzi, ngoko bamisa umjikelo wesibini, oko kwanele ukuba ukucofa isininzi elula.