Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich: Biography kanye ezincwadi

Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich - yezoqoqosho eSoviet kunye ngezentlalo, a umlobi yesayensi, yaye umbhali nephupha zomsebenzi kuqoqosho yamahlwempu kwaye ingqikelelo kuqoqosho yokuziphatha. Yena ngummeli eliqaqambileyo kwisizukulwana abaziingqondi Russian zenkulungwane yama-20. Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich, nto leyo ifumaneka ngezantsi photo, ubomi bakhe bonke wabunikela isifundo lombutho lezolimo. umbono wakhe kwamkelwa abasemagunyeni eSoviet. Noko ke, ekubeni 1990, ngokuya oososayensi baqalisa ukubhekisela izigqibo Chayanov. Makhe zama ukufumana phandle into edibene ukubaluleka imigudu nengqiqo yokulima Sasungulwa.

Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich: biography

Kodwa ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba siqwalasele ngeziphumo sisazinzulu, engaqondi indlela weza kubo? Ngoko ke, makhe siqale ibhayografi. Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich wazalwa ngo-1888 ukuya kwintsapho zabarhwebi, owayehlala eMoscow. Bephenjelelwa nezihlobo 1906 wajoyina emva kokuphumelela college Uvuko e Moscow Agricultural Institute. Sele ngomnyaka wokuqala waba nomdla kwinzululwazi. Waba nomdla Mensera. Njengoko yaziwa, ngelakamva ngumseki kwengcamango eluncedo ebekiwe. Ngowe-1908 Chayanov watyelela Italy ngo-1909 - Belgium. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba waba nokuba eneminyaka a oselula onjalo nala mazwe zezenzululwazi lokwenyaniso, i izivakashi eqhelekileyo. Wayithanda uhambo lokuqala Chayanov uAleksandr Vasilevich, ibhibliyografi leyo ke iya kuba Mininzi imisebenzi zenzululwazi kodwa zobugcisa kuphela, eyila inkqubo familiarization kunye amava amazwe lombutho wezolimo. Inqaku lokuqala sisazinzulu elizayo enikelwe co-operation eItali. Ngethuba loqeqesho eyunivesithi Chayanov lapapasha amanqaku lwenzululwazi-18. Wathenjiswa indawo kwisebe ezoqoqosho kwezolimo, yaye wavuma. Ngowe-1912 wafumana itayitile Master Chayanov. Emva koko wemka ngonyaka internship aphesheya. Ngeli xesha ke dulos umsebenzi eParis Berlin. Ngeli xesha umsebenzi, yena kugqitywe umsebenzi wakhe lokuqala "Izincoko kwi Theory of kuqoqosho yabasebenzi."

Relations kunye namagunya Soviet

Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich, omnikelo kuqoqosho kukuphuhlisa krestyanovedeniya ingqiqo yayingeyonto theoretician, kwaye wayefuna ukusebenzisa iziphumo zayo practice. Yena wayelilungu amanyathelo ahlukeneyo, ilungu leBhodi Cooperative ngeenkongolo. Le candidacy Chayanov bade ikhethiwe isithuba nguMphathiswa wezoLimo, kodwa isikhundla kuphela iiveki ezimbini. Ekugqibeleni le co-zinkampani kwakufuneka enze uxolo kunye nabasemagunyeni Soviet. Ukususela ngowe-1919 Chayanov isebenza yaBantu Commissariat of Agriculture. Malunga nelo xesha naye waqalisa ukufunda imisebenzi yoncwadi. Ngowe-1922, umlawuli zeziko lophando Chayanov elawulwa kwingqungquthela kuqoqosho lwezolimo. Kulo nyaka mnye watshata waza waya uhambo iminyaka emibini amazwe. Ngowe-1923 upapasho umsebenzi wakhe ezinkulu - ". Lo mbutho kuqoqosho umlimi" ekuqaleni kwakhe ukubala uprofesa yamaphephandaba. Ngowe-1930 Chayanov wabanjwa. Watyunjwa "Labor Sasungulwa Party" olawula lo mbutho. kwetyala esidlangalaleni kwityala zange zenzeke. Entolongweni, ISAZINZULU iyaqhubeka ukusebenza ingcamango yakhe. ke Chayanov kuthinjelwa uAlma-Ata, apho iyaqhubeka ukusebenza kwi Commissariat of Agriculture. Ngowe-1937, ngomhla isityholo Isazinzulu etyeni bagwetyelwa ukufa. Esi sigqibo sinokusetyenziswa ngoko nangoko, Chayanov wayeneminyaka engama-49 kuphela ubudala.

Imvelaphi kombono

Ilifa bezobugcisa krestyanovedeniya abakhandi zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Oku kuquka imisebenzi yesayensi nje kuphela, kodwa imisebenzi yezandla. Noko ke, bonke ababelana ngento eyodwa. Imisebenzi yobugcisa ebonisa ngendlela elula iziphumo zenzululwazi entsonkothileyo. Chayanov wongezelela enye kuzo zonke iinkalo trends agro-qoqosho. Sinako ukwahlula ezi zigaba zilandelayo kuphuhliso theory yamahlwempu koqoqosho yabasebenzi. Phakathi kwabo:

1. Ubukho kweefama entsapho.
2. Indalo op yezolimo.
3. Uphuhliso kwicandelo lezolimo xa lilonke.

theory Family-zabasebenzi

Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich ngumseki ngayo yonke indlela. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, lunengxaki nempahla ezi abaqeshisi '. Oku kwakhokelela kwintlekele kwezolimo. iinguqu Stolypin kaThixo zange ukusebenza, kwaye nzulu. iingxaki zingalungiswa kwicandelo lezolimo ifuna ukuvela kwingcamango entsha intlangano wezolimo. Chayanov wavakalelwa umoya amaxesha. Yena ingqalelo ukuba iphambili kuqoqosho Russian - le domesticity. Oko kwaba negalelo kwezi mboniselo Chayanov kunye noqeqesho zeli ziko. Eneneni, phakathi kootitshala Chayanov abelwe iingcali inkulu kwezolimo, uNjingalwazi N. N. Hudyakov, AF Fortunatov, DN Prianishnikov.

Umbutho kwezolimo Sasungulwa

Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich wayengenguye Marxist. Noko ke, waba ngeendlela ezininzi iimbono ezifanayo "Capital" lombhali malunga nohlobo abalimi njengoko ilungelo labasebenzi kunye nabaqeshi. Abadumileyo ngezoqoqosho Russian zenkulungwane yama-20, waqonda ukuba kubalulekile ukuba kubekho utshintsho esisiseko. Phambili, wabeka umsebenzi lobuqu wentsapho yamahlwempu. Ngokusekelwe ukufunda amava amazwe kunye reseach nzulu data ubeka phambili ingcamango yokulungiselela isicwangciso kwaye ingqikelelo eseleyo yabasebenzi. Bakha isiqalo ka krestyanovedeniya. Ngokutsho Economist, ubukhulu ngokupheleleyo lwamashishini ezolimo kuxhomekeke kubungakanani usapho.

isicwangciso

Injongo yomsebenzi yamahlwempu yosapho ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo. Okukhona zilungelelaniswe kakuhle izindlu, ngoko kwenzeka ukuba kakhulu. Ngoko ke, imfuneko yokulungiselela esi sicwangciso. Ukuba oku kwenziwa ngokuchanekileyo, loo nto iqinisekisa uzinzo nkampani kunye nokusebenza aphezulu yabasebenzi. kwifama nganye kufuneka ibonwe njengenxalenye yenkqubo. Ngoko ke, kuxhomekeke kwi nqanaba ekuphuhliseni uluntu. Usapho njengeziko kufuneka usebenzise onke amathuba iimeko ezikhoyo. Isicwangciso sombutho kunceda ukuqonda isakhiwo lwangaphakathi yoqoqosho, ulwalamano phakathi kwamasebe ezahlukeneyo ingeniso yezezimali kunye neendleko zizixhamlele kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Oku kuquka:

• imali eseleyo yabasebenzi. Ukhombisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezolimo kunye okuloba.
• imali eseleyo Production. It ibonisa ukuzalana okukhoyo phakathi imfuyo kunye nezixhobo.
• imali eseleyo kwemali. Yena ephawula iingeniso kunye neendleko.

incazelo

Chayanov babekholelwa ukuba isitshixo ekuqulunqweni kwesicwangciso ayikho ulandelelwano oluthile nokuqiqa kwaye isicelo iikhrayitheriya. Phakathi kwabo:

• Phambili amathuba emisebenzi kufuneka usapho kunye nolwalamano lwabo kunye neemfuno zalo yabathengi.
• Kuyimfuneko ukuba bakuthathele ingqesho akhawunti. Kunokuba bube ngumqobo.
• An yokuhlola ebalulekileyo kwakhona okhonza nokucwangciswa ntsimi. ilungiselelo abangaphumelelanga onesiphumo esibi ukusebenza yoqoqosho umlimi.
• Kuyimfuneko ukuba bakuthathele ingqalelo awohluke lombutho yabasebenzi. Ukuba kufuneka ingqalelo kwiindleko zokuhamba.

Ngoko ke, umbhali yakwazi ukudibanisa zonke iinkalo bokucwangciswa uphuhliso lwamashishini ezolimo usapho amancinci.

balance zabasebenzi

Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich - ngezoqoqosho iphuhlise imodeli ukumisela umda yendalo walo naliphi na iziko loshishino. Wathi ukuba umphumo usoloko kuyimfuneko ukuze kube nokugqitywa yi umba zemveliso, efumaneka ubungakanani kakhulu elithile. Kuba kwiifama usapho Chayanov isicelo iindidi ngokubanzi ngokwezoqoqosho ezifana nerente, inzala, ingeniso, amaxabiso. Asazise amaqela amabini yeemeko kwingeniso yabo: uqoqosho lwasekhaya kunye nakuzwelonke. I yangaphambili ziquka izibonelelo zoluntu kunye ngobunzulu zezicelo zabo.

Ukwahlula kwiifama abalimi

Ixesha lokugqibela nobuchule ISAZINZULU yawa phezu ngonyaka 1927-1930. Kunye nezinye abezoqoqosho, wafundela ingxaki umahluko we zaba balimi. Wabonisa ukuba kwavela ngenxa nokungavisisani yemveliso yorhwebo yendalo elula. Eyokuqala gravitated kwimimandla engundoqo kunye kumhlaba black otyebileyo, le yokugqibela - kunawo. Uhlenga kuye kwakhokelela ekwandeni nokuphuma yokufudukela, nto leyo ebangela iyantlukwano. Ngoko ke, ezithile ngokwezinga yoluntu, ngokutsho Chayanov, akazange ezinxulumene iinkqubo zentlalo, kunye nokuphelisa lweentlobo ezintsha ezifama. Ukuze le yokugqibela wafaka ukulima, lwamatyala usurious, ezorhwebo kunye nenkxaso. Ukusombulula le ngxaki sisazinzulu ndicinge ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuqhuba collectivization lwentsebenziswano. Yena abolekise kufuneka kunceda sabasebenzi zasemaphandleni ubuyele imodeli yemveli labour yosapho.

Ixabiso ingqiqo ukuze nasekuphuhliseni inzululwazi

Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich - ingcali kwezentlalo kunye Economist, abanomsebenzi izazinzulu mihla eyaziwayo kakuhle abo bafunda inkqubo ezolimo. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba kwezi mboniselo kwakhe ubunzima. Stalin ngokobuqu wagxeka le ngcamango. Chayanov kuba elubhacweni kuqala ze emva koko wabulawa eneminyaka engama-49. Noko ke, nangona oku, ithiyori waqhubeka ephila. Ngo-1980 waqalisa ukuba kuqale. Namhlanje, abaninzi abantu abanoQoqosho lwezoLimo nangoku ibhekisela kulo, ze bafumane inkuthazo kuyo.

Chayanov Aleksandr Vasilevich Books

Le Isazinzulu wabhala imisebenzi emininzi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kuphela ngexesha noqeqesho kwi-Institute, uye lapapasha amanqaku 17. Umsebenzi wakhe uphambili kuthathwa ethi "Izincoko kwi Theory of kuqoqosho yabasebenzi." Ngowe-1989 sapapashwa ngumqulu omnye imisebenzi ekhethiweyo sisazinzulu. Phakathi imisebenzi edume ngobugcisa Chayanov "Journey of umzalwana wam Alexei ukuba utopia Sasungulwa". Ezinye zazo ziye zipapashwe emva kokufa yombhali kwiminyaka 1980-2010.