Iiyantlukwano neemfano phakathi kwezilwanyana nabantu: enyama yangaphakathi, inkangeleko, unxibelelwano, ubudlelwane

Iimfano neeyantlukwano phakathi komntu nesilwanyana - isihloko umdla kakhulu. Emva Charles Darwin wambumba ngcamango yakhe, waqala iingxoxo ezingapheliyo malunga nokuba ngabantu ngokwenene baka iinkawu, okanye ngenye indlela. Kude kube ngoku ukunika impendulo ecacileyo lo mbuzo ayinakwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, isayensi namhlanje sele efunde eninzi ubungqina bubonisa ukuba kukho ukufana iphawulekayo kwezilwanyana nabantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo eyodwa. Ngokukodwa, ukwakhiwa kwawo elemental efanayo.

Ukwakheka iziqalelo eziphilayo

Njengenxalenye imizimba eziphilayo awayengabemi Umhlaba izinto ezifanayo imichiza. nucleic ezifanayo kunye neeproteni ezifumaneka iiseli zezilwanyana. Senza umsebenzi ofanayo. Ukufana inkulu wafunyanwa phakathi iinkawu kunye nabantu. Umzekelo, macaque kunye DNA yabantu iqulethe genes nama-66% efanayo. Kwaye xa uthelekisa ummeli lweentlobo Homo sapiens evela bangafani, ukufana ngeenxa 92%. Iipropati ngumzimba negazi musa zahluke kakhulu. Kunye iinkawu kunye nabantu na RH factor negazi qela.

amalungu omzimba kunye nemibutho abantu kunye nezilwanyana

Loo nto inika umdla kakhulu, akunjalo? Noko ke, oku akuthethi iphele kwihi kwezilwanyana nabantu. Ngezitho kunye amalungu omzimba cell kwi kwisakhiwo zombini. Ukufana kulwakhiwo jikelele izilwanyana kunye nabantu lubonisa ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo, ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuthetha ngemvelaphi yabo eqhelekileyo. Liphakamile isilwanyana na kwisikali yendaleko, umehluko ngaphantsi ukusuka iintlobo-Homo sapiens kuyabonakala. indoda phambi Kakade ke, njengazo zonke iintlobo zeenkawu ukuqonda. Zinelungelo ibrashi ukuba ungagotywa ngokukhululekileyo kunye unbent. Ezinye Iminwe abachasene ukuya ku- nkulu. Nail kubonelelwa enhle terminal yokuhlasela. Clavicle aphuhliswe kakuhle umbhinqo emagxeni. Anikezela intshukumo entsonkothileyo kunye olwahlukeneyo le yangaphambili. Ezingundoqo kunye nabo kunye nabanye yokakayi. Kwicala ngaphambili ukakayi indawo zazo. Nazo phambili. Kanye ezincancisayo ezininzi, amehlo endle ukubonakala ayikho zodwa, kwaye ayangenana omnye komnye. Oku kunika entlandlo-ntathu, umbono binocular. Noko ke, le nto yonke le kwihi. Kwaye ke umahluko yoluntu-isilwanyana siya okwangoku ngqalelo. Thina banomdla isihloko kakhulu enzima, ndiyityhilele kunokuba elide kakhulu. Makhe sizame uchonga izimvo eziphambili.

ubuchopho

Kwaye obeku-, nendoda, xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo, abe ingqondo eziphuhlileyo kakhulu. Imela ngaphandle nomhlehlo Occipital kunye ngokungqalileyo obalaseleyo. Isibakala sokuba esithinzini Occipital ziyaphuhliswa kakuhle, ngenxa ekuphuculeni umbono. A izakhono eliphezulu sobukrelekrele zikhokelele ubukho uqabe isithinzi ngokungqalileyo. Ngokubanzi, kwisakhiwo yonke - ngemilenze ekwaziyo yokuntlokothiswa, ubuchopho iinkawu iphuhliswe kakhulu namacandelo umbono - yinto yokuqala efunekayo esisiseko yokuba ubuchule ukusebenza. Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kwayo (kulo, siza kuxubusha ngezantsi iinkcukacha), kuphela ngokunxulumene umntu ukuthetha.

uphuhliso imibungu

zomzimba abantu kunye nezilwanyana sele efunde ingcaciso eninzi ukuze bakwazi ukuthi ukuba iinkalo ezininzi uphuhliso efanayo ngeembumba kweentlobo akwi yohlobo olufanayo. Ngokomzekelo, xa nisaqala embryogenesis kuzo zonke wabeka chordate notochord (yezihlunu skeleton) yenzeka uvaleke kuvela slits dj. Ke le ndoda, isakhiwo kwentliziyo yaso osandul ifuze isakhiwo umzimba intlanzi - omnye ventricle kunye intendelezo omnye. Izazinzulu ziye kuphandwa ngayo izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo zidlule Palsy. Bafumanisa ukuba abantu iya kuwo onke amanqanaba ngendaleko lweentlobo. Olu phawu waphawula Isazinzulu German Ernst Haeckel kunye F. Müller, owayehlala kwisiqingatha 2 kwenkulungwane ye-19. Bathi laliqulunqwe ngayo umthetho biogenetic, leyo ephinda phylogeny in ontogeny. uphuhliso ngamnye, oko kukuthi ontogenesis, - i recapitulation of phylogeny, oko kukuthi, uphuhliso yembali uhlobo oluthile.

inkqubo yonxibelelwano

Ngoku makhe sihlolisise iimpawu yokuziphatha. Kukho ukufana kakhulu kwezilwanyana nabantu. Abo nabanye liphuhlise inkqubo yonxibelelwano kunye imiyalezo achaphazelekayo. iindlela United yokuziphatha kwezilwanyana kunye iintlobo zabantu. Abenzi bemeko- thiyori reflex zokuziphatha izazinzulu Russian IM Sechenov and I. P. Pavlov. Le mbono isekelwe wabonakala-hlukana nobunzima bokufikelela luvo. unit yayo ezisebenzayo i reflex.

Zezo kwihi ezisisiseko kwezilwanyana nabantu. Ngoku makhe siqwalasele umahluko. Uya kubona ukuba inkcaso 'komntu - isilwanyana "has a lot of iziseko.

Bipedalism nasemilenzeni ingakumbi abantu

Xa zomzimba kunye nesakhiwo yabantu kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi izilwanyana. Ngokukodwa, bipedalism kwaqala ngenxa ukuyilwa ezinamandla ngakumbi musculature le nemilenze, kodwa imbonakalo wavakalisa bend kwi umnqonqo (sacrococcygeal, empontshwa, thoracic, womlomo wesibeleko), litshintsha indawo isinqe, imfundo amanqugwala encwina iyaphuhliswa ngomnwe yokuqala. Indawo ngamalungu angaphakathi kwakhona itshintshe ngenxa yemeko nkqo umzimba.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umntu abe ukwahlukana esisebenzayo kweqondo eliphezulu nengasezantsi. Izandla zethu ziphuhliswa kakuhle - ibhrashi ezinokususwa bhetyebhetye, kukho izihlunu ezininzi ezincinci, namasundu, nasesithupheni ephikisana evumela umntu izinto okumbophelela. Ukongeza, into nonspecific icala, oko kukuthi, ukuba unako ukwenza iintlobo lweentshukumo, nobugcisa kwaye ezintsonkothileyo. Zonke ezi kunye nezinye iimpawu ezichazwe inzululwazi ezifana biology. Nokuba yeyomntu, isilwanyana, isityalo okanye silwanyana - zonke izazinzulu abanomdla abaye bazinikela kulo entsimini lwazi. Akukho nanye kwezi ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo, nokuba yiyiphi, benze esi sifundo.

ukutya kwezilwanyana kunye kwabantu

Phakathi kwabantu, kwiintshaba uhlaza, kukho inani yokungafani isondlo. Ngokomzekelo, singakwazi ukusebenzisa phantse naluphi na uhlobo lokutya. Oku kuvumela isakhiwo kwemihlathi. Xa Azityi ihamba kakhulu-moya tyaba, elikuvumela ukuba usile wokutya kwezityalo. Njengoko ezidla, emhlathini enambuzelayo nkqo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba awadubadube amathambo kunye nomntana ngaphandle inyama. Umntu sinikezwe zombini ezi amathuba, kodwa hayi ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, ukuba nathi shift imihlathi lethu kwicala okanye ngokubanzi kakhulu zibonisa emlonyeni, apho kuya angenzakali. izakhono zethu kulo mba kuphela ukuba malunga nesiqingatha izilwanyana ezikhoyo. Khumbula indlela ingwenya wakhamisa umlomo wawo okanye indlela imazi ihambisa umhlathi, yaye uya kuqonda oko ukuthini.

Into umdla kukuba eziza kufunyanwa isakhiwo kwamazinyo. Kwaye umntu izilwanyana ziwasebenzisela la malungu ukuhlafuna ukutya waza wadla. Iqela amazinyo ubunjwe ikakhulu Azityi of imihlathi (ebizwa ngokuba yi-amazinyo caba eziqulathe ngaphandle besila ukutya). Xa ezizingelayo efanayo emlonyeni ke siphume kunye canines. uhlobo Human ulungiselele ithuba lokuba badle ukudla iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, uncedo ezicacileyo liyasetyenziswa kwicala uhlaza, kuba bazalana 32 kuphela amazinyo 12 ukuya zamarhamncwa. Oku 4 canines ezincinane kunye siphume-8. Okunye amazinyo - imihlathi 12 premolars 8, ebonisa ukuba ukuthambekela yabantu esidla oko wokutya kwezityalo.

Uphuhliso yobuchopho

Mhlawumbi umahluko ibalulekileyo isakhiwo isilwanyana kunye nabantu kanye uphuhliso ingqondo, okuyinto isisekelo eziphathekayo intetho, ulwazi, iingcinga. Xa abantu, ayikho nje kakhulu enkulu kodwa kakhulu anzima isakhiwo ngaphezu koko zezilwanyana. Oku kungenxa ukuvela kwezakhiwo ezitsha, kwakunye ensembles iineuron alawula ingcinga, intetho, iintshukumo ezintsonkothileyo. Xa abantu, ingqondo olungalinganiyo. Bona bayakwazi yezi zinto. Izazinzulu ziye zabonisa ukuba ukucinga ezinxulumene ikhweyitha ngasekhohlo ikhweyitha ekunene inoxanduva intuition kunye kwinqanaba ngokweemvakalelo.

Namhlanje siyazi, enkosi ukuziphatha yolingo lwezonyango ukuba ukuziphatha abazi kunye nomsebenzi abazi, sizalwa umntu, sizimisele enkulu kangangoko kunye Parietal prefrontals kwimihlaba neuron. Ngokomzekelo, xa cipande ngokungqalileyo ukoyiswa singalahlekelwa ukukwazi ukulawula ngobulumko yaye esazi izinto zakhe, ukubheka kude ngakumbi iinjongo kunye neenjongo yezenzo zabo. Le kokoyiswa kwamabala Parietal kukhokelela ekubeni umba elahlekileyo ubudlelwane kunye temporal lwendawo, umzila enengqondo. Ukuba iinkawu intsimi ngokungqalileyo lugubungela malunga ne-15% kuzo zonke indawo neuron, abantu - 30%. Ukongeza, iindawo nizhnetemennoy kunye prefrontal ebantwini amaziko luvo ethile, leyo ndingekho kwezinye iintlobo.

Ngenxa yokuba izinto zazivelela umahluko ebalulekileyo iintlobo biosocial Homo sapiens. Bona wabumba ngexesha inkqubo otnogeneza, ukuba umntu uhlala kuluntu, phakathi kwabanye. Ezi mpawu iyasebenza nokuziphatha kunye zomzimba yokuphila. Ngoko ke, lo psyche izilwanyana kunye nabantu eyahluke kakhulu. Ngoku makhe siqwalasele ingqondo.

ingqondo zabantu

Kule nkalo, kukho zombini umahluko kunye nokufana abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Table kunye nombhalo thaca ngezantsi kuya kukunceda bayaziqonda. Okokuqala, siphawula ukuba, ngokungafaniyo nezilwanyana, yobuntu uhlobo olulodwa yokucinga ekuthiwa ukucinga ingqiqo. Iimpawu kunye neempawu ibalulekileyo ilele ekwahluleni. Kuyinto abstract. Kwezilwanyana, ku vangama ka leyinene kusoloko uthatha indawo kwisifundo ngqo. Inxulunyaniswa izinto ezithile zehlabathi ezingqongileyo. yokucinga yabantu kuphela ngendlela, obusebenza uyakwazi ukuba iimeko. Izilwanyana, abantu, uyakwazi ukwenza iintshukumo entsonkothileyo kakhulu. Noko ke, ngokusekelwe ukuhamba isoloko ilele, oko kukuthi iinkqubo zofuzo inheritable. Ngokungqongqo iseti eliqingqiweyo izenzo kwagqitywa ezilandelelanayo kunye neemeko ukutshintsha ezishiyekileyo ayitshintshanga nokuba isenzo akunakwenzeka. Umuntu njongo yokuqala, yenza isicwangciso sokuba zinokutshintsha xa kuyimfuneko. Yena ke ngokuhlalutya iziphumo kunye nezigqibo.

intetho

Ngowe-1925 I. P. Pavlov, ukufunda iimpawu eziziimpawu umntu komsebenzi ephakamileyo luvo, bafumana ukuba iye yenziwa umahluko ubunjani kwizilwanyana. Xa abantu, kukho inkqubo kweesiginali yesibini, nto leyo intetho. Kwaye ke abantu, kunye nezinye izivamvo uyakwazi ukubona utshintsho iimpawu kunye neempawu ze-nokuhlalisana izinto (umbala, isandi, ivumba, ukukhanya, ubushushu, bangcamle yaye njalo njalo. D.). Le ukufana kuyabonakala abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Sebenza iindlela sensory - sisiseko apho izenzo inkqubo alarm 1. Kuyinto eqhelekileyo izilwanyana ebantwini. Le ndoda ngaxeshanye, ukuphuhlisa inkqubo uphawu-2. Kulo mzekelo, i zesandla la magama kunye nentetho oko ngokubanzi kwaye abstract, leyo siyahlukana kwento ngokwayo. ILizwi owenza kuvala zizinto ngqo. Kokuma baye babonisa ukuba ukuphuhlisa inkqubo alarm 2 kunokwenzeka kuphela xa unxibelelana. Ngamanye amazwi, oku sinemfano.

Zimelwe ngokohlobo itheyibhile ezinye iimfano neeyantlukwano yokucinga kunye nentetho abantu kunye nezilwanyana.

Njengoko ubona, ungabona njani umahluko kunye nokufana abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Le theyibhile ingentla, lizalisa iimviwo yokucinga kunye nentetho. Sibheka kuzo awohluke yomsebenzi.

lamandla oluntu

Kuba umsebenzi ezikwazi abantu nje kuphela, kodwa ezinye iintlobo ezininzi. Oku kunokubonwa kwihi abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Noko ke, kuphela abantu engumninindlu izixhobo ezinzima, lungisa kunye nesicwangciso somsebenzi, kusengaphambili iziphumo enokuzuzwa, kwakunye ngokubonakalayo ukutshintsha ihlabathi. Ezinye iintlobo, Kakade, yonke le ukukhubazeka. Le umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi komntu kunye nezilwanyana evela umsebenzi. Ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko ukuba ayeke ngakumbi.

LezeMisebenzi njengoko enjalo - ngumsebenzi ukuba sizalwa mntu kuphela. Nguye lo nefuthe kwindalo ukunika neemfuneko ezifanelekileyo khona. Eyona phawu zabasebenzi - ukuba lo msebenzi ikhutshwa phandle, njengoko umthetho, kuphela xa sisebenzisana kunye nabanye abantu. Oku kusebenza yebo elula imisebenzi, sithwele umlinganiswa ngamnye, ekubeni umntu ngethuba ukuphunyezwa labo liya kungena kubudlelwane ezithile nabanye abantu ngeenxa zonke kuye. Umsebenzi yombhali, umzekelo, abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngamnye. Noko ke, ukuba abe, kufuneka bafunde ukufunda nokubhala, ukuze ufumane imfundo. Sinokulufumana olo lonwabo kuphela nje ngenxa ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yonxulumano loluntu. Ngoko, nawuphi na umsebenzi, nokuba xa uqala ezibonakala kuphela ngamnye kubandakanya ukusebenza nabanye.

Yaba nguye lowo wakhuthaza uphuhliso ebantwini, zahluke kuyaphi kwezo zizilwanyana yinqobo kuye. Umahluko walala yokuba manyano abantu bakudala yamsukela injongo nje ukuba baphile, leyo othile uphawu umhlambi izilwanyana. ke kuyimfuneko ukuba sisinde kukunceda kukuguqula iimeko zendalo, oko kukuthi yi uwonke.

Fire ebomini bomntu

Kuba uphuhliso Homo sapiens iintlobo ezahlukeneyo nobudlelwane kwezentlalo ezibaluleke kakhulu yaba uphuhliso nomlilo wabo. Man ngenxa oku wema bephuma ehlabathini zendalo. Wayeka ukuba baxhomekeke kwindalo esingqongileyo yendalo, kuye kwaba mahala. Lo mzuzu eyakhayo kuphuhliso uhlanga owazalwa unyango ubushushu ukutya, kwakunye nokusetyenziswa lomlilo ukwenzela ukuvelisa Unezixhobo ezininzi.

Indima kwisahlulo yabasebenzi kuphuhliso loluntu

Kwathi isini kunye nobudala kwi zigaba yokuqala uphuhliso Homo sapiens iintlobo. Icandelo zabasebenzi kukhokelele kwinto yokuba waqalisa ukuphuhlisa nobudlelwane kwezentlalo, ukwanda imveliso. Abantu baye bakwazi ukuba bapase isizukulwana esitsha ulwazi kunye namava.

ukutshata kunye nosapho

Society kuxhaphaka ekuqaleni ekulawuleni umtshato. Oku inkalo ebalulekileyo yophuhliso lwentlalo, kwakunye kwemvelo ye-Homo sapiens iintlobo. Ngokukodwa, ukuthintelwa kwimitshato phakathi kwezalamane ezisondeleyo kubalulekile kuba inqande ukuba izakhi kwi gene pool of elibi kwaye ikhokelela ziqu yayo.

Ukuhlangabezana neemfuno

Man luyahlangabezana neemfuno zombini yebhayoloji nangokomoya kunye nezentlalo. Ngokomoya zinxulumene kwihlabathi engaphakathi ngamnye kuthi. Izilwanyana kwakhona ukwanelisa intswelo zebhayoloji, ezo zisekelwe nethuku.

Ekuphetheni

Njengoko ubona izilwanyana zasendle kunye nabantu - uthengisa ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa phakathi kwabo uyakwazi ukufumana okuninzi ezifanayo. Inzululwazi ningemi, kukho uphando elitsha kule ndawo. Izazi ukufana ebalulekileyo phakathi komntu nesilwanyana kufuna ingcaciso engaphezulu. Simele sikhumbule ukuba uyazi abazalwana bethu ezincinane ezi zonke, kuba loo nto, kwaye ngeziqu zabo. Ukufana abantu nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, izilwanyana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo - ngesihloko umdla kakhulu, nto leyo bazinikela nasekufundweni izazinzulu ezininzi. Oku Aristotle, kunye Klavdiy Galen noCharles Darwin, kunye nabanye abaninzi.