Iingonyama zidla njani? Iimpawu zeengonyama, isakhiwo kunye nokuveliswa kwazo

Ihlabathi lemvelo liyingqayizivele kwaye lihluke ngokungafaniyo. Unyaka ngamnye, izazinzulu zenza izinto ezininzi ezithe zafunyanwa, ezityhilela ithemba eliqhelekileyo lokufunda ihlabathi elisijikelezayo. Kodwa izinto eziphilayo eziqhelekileyo, eziye zaziwa ngabantu kusukela kwangoko, ziyakwazi ukumangalisa. Thatha u mzekelo. Ziyinto elula, kodwa iimpawu zobomi babo zenzeke kakhulu.

Ngaba uyazi indlela i-lichens idla ngayo? Le yinkqubo ekhethekileyo, enokuzichaza ngokucacileyo.

Iingxaki zokwazi

Ngokuqhelekileyo, kunzima ukufundisisa, kuba kubonisa ukuchithwa kwezinto eziphilayo ngokupheleleyo. Ngamanye amaqhinga ayenziwa ngoluhlobo lwe-autotrophic algae kunye ne-heterotrophic fungus. Kucacile ukuba okokuqala kufuneka sifunde i-biochemistry kunye nemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yendalo nganye. Indlela enjalo yokufunda i-physiology yayo inika iimpazamo ezininzi kunye neziphene, ngoko ke izazinzulu zinemibuzo emininzi, kungekhona zonke iimpendulo. Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi baqhubeka bekwazi ukubona iipatheni eziqhelekileyo.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi

Ngokuqhelekileyo, umzimba wonke we-lichen yi-interlacing enkulu ye-fungal hyphae, ngaphakathi apho kukho iikhomputha ze-autotrophic algae. Namhlanje inzululwazi ukwahlula ezi ntlobo ezilandelayo:

• Iintlobo zasekhaya (i-Collema). Iiseli zeekoloni ze-photobiont (i-algae) ziyahlakazeka kunye nomzimba ngendlela ephosakeleyo.
• I-Heteromeric (i-Peltigera canina). Kwinqanaba eliphambeneyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubone ngokucacileyo i-thaloma (hyphae) kunye ne-algae.

Ininzi yazo zonke zikhohlisi, isakhiwo esisekelwe kumgaqo wokugqibela. Kule meko, yonke ingqongquthela ephezulu yenziwe ngumxhesho oqingqiweyo weengxube ze-mushroom, ezikhusela umzimba oqinileyo kwimiphumo emibi yendalo yangaphandle. Ukongeza, i-fungus ivimbela ukomisa ngokukhawuleza (kodwa ayinakunceda rhoqo).

Uluhlu olulandelayo luqulethe i-colony yama-autotrophic algae. Phakathi kwinqanaba le-lichen, okuyiyo intambo eqinile ye-hyphae ehlanganisiweyo yefungus kunye ne-autotrophic colony. Le "ntonga" inomsebenzi omninzi: ngakwesinye icala, i-lichen igcina amanzi kwindawo engundoqo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sisisigxina esisodwa semvelo esinikwe. Kwinqanaba eliphantsi kukho iirhizins. Olu luhlobo lokuzibophelela, ngendlela i-lichen ifake kwi-substrate. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba isethi epheleleyo ayitholakali kuzo zonke iintlobo.

Ezinye iintlobo zama-lichens (i-cyanolipers) zibonakaliswe kukuba kubume babo kukho iikhompyutri zasezindaweni eziqhelekileyo. Kwizi ntlobo, ukwahlula kube yimiqolo kuthethwa kakuhle. Ngako-ke ama-lichens adla njani? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkqubo ze-photosynthesis kubo.

Kwinkqubo ye-photosynthesis

Kukho amawaka eengxelo ezinikezelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwiimpawu ze-photosynthesis kulezi ziphilayo zendalo. Ekubeni i-10-15% yevolumu yabo ihlala yi-alga, ebanika ngokusisisiseko zonke izondlo, kukho imibuzo emininzi malunga nobukhulu benkqubo. Isalathiso njengoko kubonakala ngathi, imilinganiselo elula kakhulu ibonise ukuba ubungqina be-photosynthesis kwi-lichens buphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezityalo eziphezulu ze-autotrophic. Ngoko ke, xa wenza isifaniso kunye namazambane aqhelekileyo, umyinge uza kuba 1:16.

Kodwa njani ukuchaza ubomi obukhululekile kwiimeko ezinjalo? Ngokubanzi, akukho nto inzima ngakumbi kule nto. Inyaniso kukuba i-autotrophic plant plant organisms "ivuke" kubomi babo bonke, ngoxa iindawo ezinobungozi kwiindawo ezithile phantse kuwo wonke unyaka, zihlala kwi-anabiosis. Kakade, banamanani aneleyo okwenzakalayo okondla ubomi.

Nantsi indlela yokutya izilwanyana. Iibakala lesi-7 kwizikolo ze-biology ziyakwazi ukufunda kwesi sihloko ngokubanzi, kodwa kule meko inkqubo yezemfundo esemgangathweni ayinikezeli iimpendulo kwimibandela emininzi ebalulekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa inkqubo yokwakhiwa kwezidalwa zezinto eziphilayo zihamba ngokukhawuleza, kwaye nini-ngokukhawuleza?

Yintoni ebeka ubungqina be-photosynthesis kwi-lichens?

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubukhulu bale nkqubo buxhomekeke kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba i-chloroplasts, xa ihlanganiswe ngophezulu lwama-hyphae, ifumana ukukhanya okungaphantsi kuneendlela ezifanayo kwizityalo eziphezulu ze-autotrophic and even algae. Ngokomgaqo, umahluko awubalulekanga.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubuninzi beenkqubo ze-photosynthesis ziyabonwa xa ukhanyiso luphakathi kwe-4000-23000 lux. Oku kungafumaneka kwiindawo zokuhlala eziqingqiweyo ze-lichens: i-tundra, i-forest-steppe, amahlathi asemntla aphantsi. Kwezo ndawo apho ukukhanya kombane kuphakamileyo, ukuveliswa okukhulu kwe-pigment (i-parietin) emnyama kuqala emzimbeni wenyama ye-symbiotic, kunye nezinto ezikhethekileyo ze-lichens (i-atranorin, umzekelo).

Izinto ezifunyenweyo ngenxa ye-photosynthesis zifana ngokupheleleyo nezo zityalo eziphezulu. Zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ze-trophic. Nantsi indlela yokutya izilwanyana. I-bakala lesi-7 yesikolo-jikelele sifundo iinjongo zeenkqubo zabo zobomi kakhulu, nangona esi sihloko sikhulu kwaye sinomdla kakhulu. Siza kukunika ingqalelo ulwazi olongezelelweyo olungenakuchukumisa kuphela, kodwa luncedo.

Inkqubo yokuphefumula

Kulula ukuqagela ukuba ukuveliswa kwezondlo kuxhomekeke ngokuphefumula. Ngokuchasene ne-photosynthesis kwi-lichens, inzima: 0.2-2.0 mg I-CO2 ngeyure ivelisa igram enye kuphela yendalo. Ukuba ufunda ngokucophelele ulwazi oluphezulu kwinqaku, mhlawumbi uqonda ukuba malunga ne-85-90% ye-massage lichen in the weight of mycobiotic. Ukukubeka ngokulula, kwi-oksijini, inxalenye yefungal ifuna kakhulu kune-alga autotrophic. Ekubeni ama-lichen adla phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo ezingagqithisi rhoqo (imbangela yeemeko ezinzulu zezulu), inxalenye enkulu yezondlo zigcinwe kwiiscupu zazo.

Njenge-photosynthesis, inkqubo yokuphefumula ngokuxhomekeke ngqo kwipesenti yamanzi.

Ufanele ukwazi ukuba inqanaba elincinci lokuphefumla, okuyimfuneko ukuba ufumane inani elithile lamandla kwizondlo, i-lichen igcina phantse phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imimiselo (efanelekileyo ebomini, kunjalo). Le nkqubo inokwenzeka ngeendawo ezilandelayo zokushisa: -15 ukuya ku-30, +50 ° C. Kodwa ulawulo olushushu lokushisa luloluhlu ukusuka kwi -15 ukuya kwi -20 ° °. Ngokupholisa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-oksijini kuya kuqala. Kwaye xa iqondo lokushisa liphakanyiswa ngaphezu kwama-35 degrees, zombini iinkqubo zilingana ngokulinganayo.

Kukho imeko eyaziwayo apho i-lichen (ifoto yale ntlobo ikunqamle), yiswe kwenye yemyuziyam yaseMoscow ngokuhamba kweRoyal Archaeological Society, yabuyisa ngokuzenzekelayo umsebenzi wayo obalulekileyo, ibekwe ngumnye wabasebenzi kwibhodi lembali kunye nehlabathi elincinci. Kodwa ngelo xesha wayekade ebombile, ibhokisi evaliweyo yeemiboniso malunga neminyaka engama-90 kunye neninzi yexesha elithatyathwa ngokukhanya!

Akumangalisi ukuba i-biology yanamhlanje inomdla kwizinto eziphilayo. I-Lichens mhlawumbi ineemfihlelo ezininzi, ukudalulwa kwayo, mhlawumbi, kuya kukhuthaza kakhulu ukuphuhliswa kweyeza.

Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zafakazela ukuba imigaqo engundoqo yokuphefumula i-lichens ixhomekeke kwimizekelo efanayo kwimeko yezityalo eziphezulu. Kodwa kukho ukungafani, enye eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu phakathi kokuxutywa kwe-oxygen kunye nokukhululwa kwe-carbon dioxide. Ukongezelela, ziyakwazi ukuchasana neziphumo zokumisa, ukushisa okuphantsi kunye namaqondo aphezulu. Ngaphandle kwesizathu sokusila kunye nezilwanyana zingakhula kwiimeko ze-Arctic.

Iimeko zokushisa

Ubushushu obuhle kakhulu be-photosynthesis kwi-lichens buvela ku -10 ukuya kwi -25 degrees Celsius. Kodwa ukukwazi ukufumana i-carbon dioxide kuyo kugcinwa kwi-degrees -25. Le nto yinto ephawulekayo yeengonyama, ezibahlula kwizityalo eziphakamileyo kunye nakwizityalo. Kwiqondo lokushisa ukusuka kwi--5 ukuya kwi-10 degrees, ubukhulu bokubanjelwa kwekhabhoni dioxide phantse ngaphezu kweemeko ezingcono. Kwizityalo ezininzi, kulo mzekelo, iifom zeqhwa kwi-intercellular space, ephihliza nje iiseli.

Ngokwahlukileyo, iilenze emithini, iinqununu zazo ziqhekeza ngokwenene imozulu esenyakatho (ukunqumla amaqabunga), zivakale kakhulu ekuqaleni kwexesha elifudumeleyo.

Izixhobo zokutshintshwa kwamanzi

Abaphandi beza kufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba i-lichen ihluke ngokukhethekileyo, uhlobo oluthile oluchanekileyo lokutshintshwa kwamanzi. Inyaniso kukuba amanzi emzimbeni wabo aqulethwe kwiindawo eziphakathi kwe-hyphae eqinile. Xa ikhululeka, ayiyi kuzisa ingozi enkulu, kwaye inkqubo ye-photosynthesis kunye nesondlo iyaqhubeka iqhubeka. Nangona kunjalo, kwanokwanda kweqondo lokushisa ukuya kuma-35 degrees Celsius okanye ngaphezulu, inkqubo ye-photosynthesis ihamba ngokukhawuleza, eyahlula ngokukhethekileyo i-lichens kwizityalo.

Ubungakanani bamanzi obuya kubakho ubomi obuqhelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwintsapho. Ngaloo ndlela, i-lichens e-bushy iyakwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto eziphilayo zokutya eziphantse zidibene. Umzimba ogqithiseleyo, unako ukuqokelela umswakama, ungaphantsi.

Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwiingcongwane, njengamaxesha amaninzi zikhula kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu, xa kunikezelwa ngamanzi amaninzi kuncinci. Ngeemeko ezinjalo, nayiphi na isityalo sasingafa. I-Lichen ivakalelwa kakuhle nakwiimeko ze-desert ne-Arctic.

Umgaqo wokutshintshisiswa kwamanzi

Omnye unokuqonda ukuba umsebenzi olawulayo wamanzi okuxiliswa kwamanzi kulezi ziphilayo ulungiswe ngendlela ehluke ngokupheleleyo kunokuba izityalo eziphezulu. Ekubeni abanakho iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezi zinto. Ngokomzekelo, ukuxutywa kwamanzi kuzo kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kuphela ngenxa yokuqhathaniswa kwayo yonke indawo yomzimba. Unokuqhuba uvavanyo olulula: uthele ixabiso elincinci lamanzi etafileni uze ubeke isiqwenga samathambo okanye i-toilet iphepha kwi-puddle.

Njengoko uyakubona, amanzi athatyathwa ngokukhawuleza, ekubeni isakhiwo sephepha sinamandla okukhangisa. Kwenzeka okufanayo kwimeko yama-lichens. Ngoko, saqwalasela isiqephu ngedampu emide eyomileyo, eyayiziswa ngokukhawuleza. Xa umqeshwa ebeka ingqumbo entombeni yeentyantyambo, wuleza wanciphisa umthamo onjalo wamanzi, okwaneleyo ukubuyisela ubomi.

Ezinye i-lichens ze-bushy ziyakwazi ukufumana umthamo omkhulu wamanzi, ubunzima bawo bungama-300%. Ezinye iintlobo (iikholeji, i-leptogiums) zanda ngobukhulu ngo-400-3900%! Ukuba sithetha ngomxholo omncinci wamanzi, malunga ne-2% yesisindo esomeleleyo somsila. Le ngqungquthela (umfanekiso oya kufumana kulo mbandela) ayibukeli njengento ephilileyo.

Malunga nezinga lokukhutshwa kwamanzi

Njengokuba kunjalo kwiphepha langasese, umzimba unikezela umzimba umzimba onobuchopho ngokukhawuleza. Ngeyure nje, i-lichen, esandul 'i-litre yamanzi, ingasomela kwilizwe elincinci. Ngaloo ndlela, "umkhiqizo" wezinto eziphilayo uphezulu kakhulu: ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ze-trophic kungashintsha ngokukhawuleza kungekuphela kwenkathi, kodwa nakwiyure enye okanye ezimbini!

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izazinzulu ziye zafunda ukuba ezinye iintlobo zeengqumbo ezihlala kwi-tundra (i-Evernia prunastri) zingasebenzisa ngokoqobo "imivumba" yelanga, ngezinye izikhathi iphula ikhefu. Ukubeka nje, abapheli kunye ne-photosynthesis ngisho nasebusika.

Ukuzaliswa kwama-lichens

Ukongezelela, iimpawu zeengqungquthela ziquka ubukho beendlela ezintathu zokuvelisa:

• Vegetative.
• Zesondo.
• Ngaphantsi.

I-fungus, oko kukuthi, i-mycobiotic, inokuvelisa ngazo zonke iindlela, ngelixa i-algae iyakwazi ukwahlula ngokwasemandleni kuphela. Iipropus zefungus zifumaneka kwiingxowa ezikhethekileyo. I-Ascomycete lichens isebenzise amaqela amabini aphezulu eziqhamo zokuvelisa: i-apothecia kunye ne-perithecy. Iimpawu zazo zilandelayo:

• I-Apothecia ibhedi eqhelekileyo yohlobo olujikelezayo. Kuyo iingxowa, ezifumaneka phakathi kweqhelekileyo, hyphae engapheliyo. Uluhlu oluvulekile lubizwa ngokuba nguHumenium.
• I-Peritetium ifana nesakhiwo esivaliwe ngokupheleyo sesimo sendawo. Iimfumba zikhutshwe ngeemingxondlo ezikhethekileyo ezifumaneka kwindawo yesityalo.

Ezinye iintlobo zingenza kwakhona i-spox-spores, i-pycnospores (ipycnoconidia). Indawo yokubunjwa kwawo yi-pycnidia. Ezi zikhuni ziphephe okanye zifana neeparari, ezizodwa ze-hyphae. I-Picnidia kulula ukuyiqonda, njengoko ibukeka njengeendiza ezimnyama ebhedini.

Xa iinqwelo ziphakama, phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zikhawuleza zivelise i-hyphae entsha, eyenza iqela elitsha linyulu. Ziye (hyphae) nazo zingena kwiiseli ze-autotrophic algae, emva koko ukubunjwa kwendalo entsha kuphelile.

Nentsingiselo

Ngokubanzi, i-mosses kunye ne-lichens zibaluleke kakhulu. Kwi-desert kunye nentlango ye-arctic, zidla ngokuba zizinto ezizimeleyo kuphela ezikwazi ukuqokelela izinto ezinokondla phantsi kweemeko ezingathandekiyo. Ngokulula nje, zezi zizinto eziphilayo eziyimvelaphi yokutya kulabo abancinci bezinto ezinokuhlala kwiindawo ezinzima. Ukongezelela, ukuphela kweengqungquthela kwimithi, kwimeko yezimo zemozulu, kaninzi sivumela ukuba siphila ebusika, umzekelo, i-moose kunye ne-roe deer.