Iilwimi extinct kwezizwe of Russia

Ulwimi - isixhobo abaluleke kakhulu ebomini bethu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho malunga namawaka amathandathu zeentetho ehlabathini. Ngokutsho UNESCO kwixa elizayo malunga nesiqingatha sabo angaphulukana izithethi zayo lokugqibela, yaye ngaloo ndlela shwaka. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba iilwimi hamba, hayi nje kuphela kweli hlabathi mihla, kuba kumaxesha amandulo kaloku zange ashiye, azafunyanelwa ndawo.

Ukwahlukanisa yeeLwimi Njengomncinane Used

Zeziphi iilwimi ezisengozini? Kakade ke, abo baye basebenzisa ekuhlaleni, kodwa kungaphela kwixa elizayo. Ngoko ke oosonzululwazi ngendlela yokuhlela ecacileyo yaphuhliswa ngokwahlula iilwimi sincinane ezisetyenziswa maqela alandelayo:

• характеризуются абсолютным исключением носителей. iilwimi extinct luphawulwa umnyinyiva eendaba ngokupheleleyo.
• Iilwimi esengozini ngokuphelisa, zezona zazenziwe ehlabathini, ngoko ke inani abathwali lincinane kakhulu (ngokuqhelekileyo hayi ngaphezulu kwe elinesibini). Ukongeza, ukuthetha iilwimi zabantu abadala abanjalo abahlala kwimimandla yasemaphandleni.
• Nokunyamalala lang olwenze inani elaneleyo abathwali (amakhulu eziliqela ukuya amashumi amawaka) asebekhulile. Abantwana kanye ngeelwimi ezi likhankanya ukuba baqeqeshiwe.
• iilwimi kakuhle ezisebenzisa abantu malunga namawaka. Noko ke, abantwana bafundiswa ezi lwimi, kodwa ngomlinganiselo encinci.
• iilwimi ezingazinzanga nangaliphi na ixesha bakwazi ukuya kwelinye iqela. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba isetyenziswa yi abantu ngokupheleleyo yonke iminyaka kunye nobume, ubuncinane ngolwimi, yaye akukho sisombululo esemthethweni.

Apho iqela ulwimi oluthile?

достаточно богат, что предполагает необходимость их классификации. Ngethamsanqa okanye ngelishwa, uluhlu lweelwimi ezisengozini nanele, ecebisa imfuneko yokuba ukuhlelwa kwazo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkcazo ethile iqela lolwimi ukuba ayinamsebenzi indlela iziphathi ezininzi usebenzisa le okanye olo lwimi, kunye nendlela nangokusulela kwayo, ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo hayi. ». Ukuba abantwana bafundiswa ngolwimi, ngoko nje nga ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuya kwiqela lokugqibela kwi "ngeelwimi extinct."

Ngo-2009, kwayilwa uhlelo wakutshanje kuphando lwe-"Atlas of iilwimi ezisengozini zehlabathi", nto leyo ibonisa data ukuhla kwi yintoni na namhlanje zisemngciphekweni wokuphela ziilwimi 2500 ehlabathini (ngo-2001 eli nani akasafuni phantse kathathu, ngoxa iilwimi 900 kuphela abahlala nemeko efanayo). Okubalulekileyo, iilwimi ezisengozini kwezizwe of Russia namhlanje kukho iiyunithi 131 kwiqela layo. Ukongeza, iinkcukacha ubalo bathi ukuba inani iintlanga ezimbalwa kuncitshiswa eziliqela elinesibini ngonyaka ngamnye. Kodwa inxalenye yesizwe kunye nolwimi olufanelekileyo!

iilwimi Endangered Russian: Kerek

Nokufika impucuko mihla wenza nokwenziwa esebenzayo abantu abasuka kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. beentlanga ezininzi ngcembe sasitshayelwe kweli ubuso bomhlaba. Kakade ke, bambalwa abameli babo bazama ukuba kulondolozwe, yaye bazipase ezi izithethe kunye nezithethe zabantu ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo, akusoloko kusenzeka.

Namhlanje, abantu ababini kuphela abathetha ulwimi Kerek (ngokutsho kubalo yokugqibela). Kerek (rhoqo bazibiza ankalgakku) - oku a kwizizwe encinane kakhulu North, ohlala kummandla Beringovsky Chukotka. ulwimi kujongwa zange umbhalo - oko kusingathwa kuphela entsatsheni. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wahlala phantse amawaka amahlanu Kerek amagama. Imbali olu hlanga kwiminyaka 3,000 yembali. Oku kwaqala nge kokuhlala kukho ubushushu yendalo yini okufanele izowuni nokuhlaliswa zinqunqwe (zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini). Kerek kwakhiwa ziintsapho kwezinye emizaneni Chukotka. Ngaphezu koko, baye unenzondelelo nokwenziwa kunye nezinye iintlanga ezincinane - Chukchi.

Udihe ulwimi njengenye kwanjengabancinane

России активно пополняют свои ряды. Ngonyaka iilwimi extinct Russia ngokubonakalayo nizalise izintlu zabo. Ngoko ke, namhlanje xa ulwimi udihe uthetha hayi ngaphezulu kwe abantu kwekhulu. Le ulwimi oluqhelekileyo kweli yaseKhabarovsk kunye Primorsky Russian Federation beskrini. Kuye ezinye iinkalo iqela osemantla iilwimi, ngoko ke iyafana kakhulu Orochi. Udihe ulwimi kule mihla kusetyenziswa abantu abadala kuphela ngeenjongo zonxibelelwano ngemihla kunye nabanye kuphela. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba abantu abatsha musa ukuba ulwimi lweenkobe (apha kufuneka zibandakanye bonke abantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-40). Sithetha nje ama ezinye iziyelelane zayo, ziphakathi leyo eyaziwa ngcono Khorsky, Bikinsky kunye Samarga. Ngenxa yoko, uhlobo igrama kunye kwezivakalisi ukuba ziyafana, kodwa ngokwemiqathango lwesigama nefonetiki nga bagcine umahluko omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokufudukela yenziwa sokulinganisa zabo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ulwimi ingqalelo kubhaliwe kwathiwa, kunokwenzeka ukungqina ukuyilwa E. R. Shneyderom alphabet ehambelana esekelwe oonobumba Latin.

Votian

, а какие пребывают на грани исчезновения? Ziziphi iilwimi eziphelele emoyeni, kwaye kuhlala phezu kwala kancane ziphele? Nge ngakumbi nangakumbi ngokuhamba kwexesha lo mba ochaphazelekayo uluntu. Kwaye oku akumangalisi, kuba banomnqweno ukulondoloza ulwimi lwabo lweenkobe kangangoko kunokwenzeka - na impendulo eyaneleyo imeko namhlanje.

Votian enxulumene iqela Finnic le Uralic iilwimi, ofayo ngenxa yokuba kungekho ngaphezulu kwe amabini ezithethi zayo namhlanje. Enye ukuhlelwa iilwimi zinika ulwazi Votian kunye iifomu Estonia Livonian le laseMelika esemazantsi. Zimelwe iintlobo ezininzi ingqalelo lwimi iziyelelane bohlulwa endaweni Western, eziqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni Krokole, izadunge kunye Sand, ngasempumalanga, ukuthatha kummandla Koporye. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umahluko phakathi iziyelelane minor elinikiweyo. Igrama yokuqala Votian kwasekwa ngenkulungwane ye-19, kunye kwenkulungwane kamva, nguDmitry Tsvetkov ukusuka kwidolophana Krakolie wadala Vodskaya igrama esele ngolwimi lweenkobe.

iilwimi sami

насчитывают немало элементов в своем ряду, куда следует отнести и группу саамских языков, называемых также лопарскими и относящихся к финно-угорским. Namhlanje iilwimi ezisengozini ze-akhawunti lomhlaba ezininzi izinto ngangenani lazo, leyo kufuneka sibandakanye iqela iilwimi Sami, ekwabizwa ngokuba Lapp yaye bobakhe i Finno-Ugric. Bona abathwali Sami okanye Lapps (inkcazelo yokuqala, bakholisa ukuba isandi ngokwahlukileyo kancinci amaqela ezahlukeneyo Sami kwaye kota Russified, kwaye eyesibini - kukho amagama ukhetho). Phakathi iseti ingqalelo iilwimi ezikude ezifana uume, piite, Luule, Inari, skoldsky, Babinski, Kildinskoye, Terskiy kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inani abathwali Sami ulwimi ehlabathini mkhulu kakhulu (ngaphezu kwama-53 000 abantu). Noko ke, Russian Federation njengoko amazwi original baqhelisela akukho ngaphezu abantu mabini. Ukongeza, aba bantu, njengoko kanti, uninzi lwabo ukuthetha Russian. Izandi zamazwi kunye phonology iqela lolwimi Saami uphawuleka iqondo lemisebenzi entsonkothileyo, kuba ziqulathe rhoqo amagama izikhamiso elide ezifutshane kunye consonants kunye izandi ezibini kunye triphthongs.

Yintoni isizathu sokuba yokuduka ngeelwimi nendlela ukulondoloza ulwimi lwabo lweenkobe?

составляют значительную проблему, которая пользуется повышенным общественным вниманием. Kwathi kanti, kwihlabathi lanamhlanje iilwimi extinct yingxaki kakhulu, into ke leyo ingqalelo eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente. Ukongeza, ukuba uqikelelo zibonisa ukuba isimo lokutshabalala ulwimi uya kwandisa kuphela, ngokuba ukuvela ezintsha zobuchwephesha kukhokelela ngokukhawuleza ibe nesiphelo kwezinye ukuba amaqela eentlanga benza amagunya ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo iilwimi zabo zomthonyama, kodwa watsho phantsi. Oku kungenxa kuphuhliso esebenzayo ye Internet. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umntu akunakwenzeka ukuba ukwamkela kakhulu ulwimi, nto leyo zimelwe kwi-World Wide Web.

Ngenxa yoko, ulondolozo kunye nempumelelo kolwimi lwabo lweenkobe kuyimfuneko ukunikela ingqalelo enkulu na, enyanisweni ibe sisixhobo yonxibelelwano, zokucinga imbono, kwaye luphawu ngokupheleleyo umbono yonke umfanekiso yehlabathi. ulwimi Native ibonisa ngokupheleleyo ubudlelwane phakathi elidlulileyo, ngoku nakwixesha elizayo, enyanisweni, kuba yindlela ukuzichaza ngokuyilayo. Zonke ezi zibakala kukho izizathu lininzi ukufundisa uluntu malunga nomnqweno wokwenza ukusetyenziswa esebenzayo, ndinimisele kangangoko ixesha ngokunjalo transmission ezikumgangatho ophezulu ukuya kwisizukulwana esilandelayo ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe.