I ubushushu - nto ... Yintoni le mali ubushushu akhululwe ngexesha omlilo?

Zonke izinto babe namandla lwangaphakathi. Eli xabiso iphawulwa linani iipropati emzimbeni imichiza, phakathi apho ingqalelo ethile kufuneka ihlawulwe ubushushu. Le ixabiso liyindlela ixabiso yezibalo abstract elichaza amandla kweziyobisi intsebenziswano eziphilayo. Ukuqonda indlela exchange ubushushu kunceda ekuphenduleni lo mbuzo, yintoni isixa ubushushu kukhululwa ngexesha okupholisa nawamaziko izinto kunye yokutsha zabo.

Imbali ngexesha lokufunyanwa ubushushu

Ekuqaleni, lo mba transfer ubushushu ochazwe lulula kakhulu kwaye zicacile: ukuba iqondo lobushushu umbandela liphuma, kuba ubushushu, yaye kwimeko lungapholi, oko yabela kwi bume. Noko ke, ubushushu - ke ukuba akukho kuthathwa njengenxalenye ulwelo okanye umzimba kwakucingwa kwiinkulungwane amathathu eyadlulayo. Abantu babekholelwa ngokungazi ukuba ubuncwane iquka iinxalenye ezimbini: zomoya kunye ifudumale. Ngoku abambalwa khumbula ukuba igama elithi "ubushushu" in Latin lithetha "umxube", kunye, umzekelo, yobhedu kuthethwa ngabo 'lobushushu itoti kunye nobhedu ".

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 kwakukho yeengcinga ezimbini akwazi ukuchaza ngokucacileyo isenzeko ubushushu kunye nobushushu transfer. Okokuqala ecetywayo 1613, uGalileo. amagama balo: "Ubushushu - yinto into engaqhelekanga ukuba kusichukumisa na lomzimba nangaphandle kuzo." UGalileo ogama le caloric kweziyobisi. Waqiqa ngelithi caloric ayikwazi zinyamalale okanye kutshatyalaliswa, kwaye bakwazi ukuba afudukele kwezinye mzimba mnye omnye kuphela. Ngako oko, i ngakumbi ngoqobo caloric, kungona iqondo layo.

Hypothesis Weza nowesibini ngo-1620, waza wanikela kwi-sobulumko Bacon. Wathi phantsi izithonga enamandla yale ihamile intsimbi kumo. Lo mgaqo ayesebenza ebangela umlilo ngu zochuku, kwakhokelela Bacon ukuba bacinge malunga nohlobo beemolekyuli ubushushu. Yena wathi isenzo mechanical kwi umzimba iimolekyuli bakhona baqala yagaleleka omnye komnye, ukunyusa isantya intshukumo ngokwenjenjalo ukunyusa iqondo lobushushu.

Umphumo waba kokugqitywa hypothesis yesibini eziba shushu - isiphumo amanyathelo bokulungisa izinto ngemolekyula kunye nabanye. Le mbono ixesha elide ukuzama ukuzithethelela kwaye ubungqina Lomonosov ngokomfuniselo.

Ubushushu - kuba ngumlinganiselo amandla yangaphakathi,

Abaphengululi Modern beze kwisigqibo ilandelayo: amandla thermal sisiphumo sentsebenziswano phakathi molecule mba, okt .. I-eneji yangaphakathi komzimba. Particle Velocity ixhomekeke lobushushu kunye ixabiso ubushushu kisekiyo ngqo ubunzima kweziyobisi. Umzekelo, i-emele amanzi energy obushushu ngaphezu indebe kuhluthiswa. Kodwa isosara ne ulwelo eshushu babe ubushushu ngaphantsi kwe isitya abandayo.

theory Caloric, leyo yaphakanyiswa ngenkulungwane ye-17, uGalileo, izazinzulu ziye wawancamisa ekuhleni J. Joel kunye B. Rumford. Wazibonakalisa ukuba ubushushu akanayo utyebe kwaye lubonakala kuphela xa isindululo ngomatshini le iimolekyuli.

Yintoni na le mali ubushushu zakhutshwa ngexesha ukutshiswa iziyobisi? ubushushu oluthile yokutsha

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imithombo yamandla isebenziseka kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuba nja-, i-oyile, amalahle, igesi yendalo okanye umthi. Ukutshiswa ezi zinto unikelwa isixa esithile ubushushu kusetyenziswa ukufudumeza, qala iinkqubo kunye ezifana. D. njani ukubala eli xabiso xa kusenziwa?

Ngokuba lo mqondo yaziswa ubushushu ethile komlilo. Eli xabiso ixhomekeke kubungakanani ubushushu ephuma ngexesha ukutshiswa 1 kg into ethile. Oku otyunjwe q unobumba kwaye ngee J / kg. Apha ngezantsi kukho uluhlu lwamaxabiso of q ezinye yeyona ixhaphakileyo amafutha iintlobo.

Injineli ukwakhiwa kunye iinjini yokubala kufuneka ukwazi ubuninzi ubushushu zakhutshwa ngexesha ukutshiswa ethile kweziyobisi. Kuba oku singakwazi ukusebenzisa imilinganiselo ngqo yi kwifomula Q = qm, apho Q - lixabiso calorific ka iziyobisi, q - ubushushu ezithile yokutsha (ixabiso table), kunye m - enobunzima elinikiweyo.

ukubunjwa Fudumeza ngexesha yokutsha isekelwe phezu mba yokukhululwa eneji ekubunjweni iibhondi imichiza. Umzekelo elula ukutshiswa carbon into equlethwe kuwo nawuphi na yeendidi kwamafutha mihla. Carbon utshiswe phambi komoya kwaye idibanisa kunye oxygen ukuze icarbon dioxide. Ukwenziwa iibhondi imichiza lwenzeka xa kuphuma amandla thermal kwimeko-bume, kwaye amandla umntu apha naphaya ukusebenzisa iinjongo zabo.

Ngelishwa, inkcitho ngokungakhathali izixhobo zexabiso ezifana oyile okanye umgquba, kungekudala kungakhokelela ngokuncipha ngemithombo imveliso la mafutha. Sele namhlanje kukho izixhobo zombane kunye neemodeli entsha imoto, ezo zisekelwe kwimithombo yamandla ezifana kwelanga, amanzi, okanye amandla ka kolu qweqwe lomhlaba.

transfer ubushushu

Ukukwazi ukutshintshiselana amandla thermal ngaphakathi emzimbeni okanye emzimbeni omnye ukuya kwesinye ubizwa ngokuba transfer ubushushu. Le meko yenzeka ngokuqhutywa ngumdla kwaye kwenzeka kuphela xa umahluko lobushushu. Kwimeko kwecacileyo, amandla thermal ahanjiswa ukusuka shushu ngakumbi umzimba ngaphantsi niza kude kude lizama lusekiwe.

Body ekhethiwe ibe yeyangaphandle transfer nesenzeko ubushushu yenzekile. Xa nawuphi na umcimbi, ukusekwa lizama zingenzeka kunye umgama omfutshane phakathi kwezi zinto, kodwa ngesantya esisezantsi xa qha.

transfer Ubushushu kungenziwa zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu:

1. conductivity Thermal.

2. පිළිතුරු iimpendulo.

3. I-exchange obuma-.

conductivity thermal

Le meko isekelwe phezu ukutshintshwa amandla thermal phakathi athom okanye molecule mba. Unobangela yokudlulisela - intshukumo random neemolekyuli kunye yokungqubana babo njalo. Esithe ngezo ubushushu budluliselwe ukusuka molecule enye ukuya kwenye chain.

Bukela ubushushu Uhanjiso nesenzeko nga ucinezelo nasiphi na isixhobo zentsimbi xa umphezulu erythema oluya magingxigingxi yaye ngokuthe ngcembe attenuates (umlinganiselo othile ubushushu iphume kokusingqongileyo).

J. Fourier lithathwe ifomula ngenxa ukubhobhoza ubushushu, leyo abayiqokeleleyo zonke izixa echaphazela iqondo izinto ubushushu Uhanjiso (bona. Umfanekiso ngezantsi).

Kule formula, Q / t - ukubhobhoza ubushushu, λ - thermal conductivity lomlingani, S - indawo cross-lecandelo, T / X - lulwahlulo umahluko lobushushu phakathi isiphelo umzimba zibekwe kwi kumgama othile.

conductivity emhlabeni lowo ixabiso ezivunyiweyo. It has ukubaluleka usambathisa wendlu okanye usambathisa izixhobo.

ubushushu obuma-

Enye indlela ukufudumeza, olusekelwe phezu ngxaki yokusetyenziswa radiation electromagnetic. Oku kwahlukile පිළිතුරු iimpendulo nobushushu Uhanjiso kukuba transfer amandla kwenzeke kwisithuba cleaner. Noko ke, njengakwimeko yokuqala, kufuneka kubekho umahluko lobushushu.

exchange ophile - ngumzekelo zokuthatha amandla obushushu kwelanga ukuya kumphezulu womhlaba, elinoxanduva kwemitha kukhethwa infrared. Ukuze ubone ukuba ubushushu obuninzi ifikelela kumphezulu womhlaba, zazakhiwe izitishi ezininzi iliso kutshintshwe isalathisi.

පිළිතුරු iimpendulo

පිළිතුරු iimpendulo movement flow umoya inxulumene ngqo kwizinto ezenzeka transfer ubushushu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubushushu obuninzi sabika ulwelo okanye igesi, iimolekyuli enyibilikayo uqale ukususa ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yoku, yengcinezelo inkqubo lonke lifinyele kunye mali, bathi kanye, uchatha. Esi sisizathu sokuba intshukumo komoya efudumeleyo okanye enye igesi ugeleza phezulu.

Umzekelo elula yokusebenzisa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa පිළිතුරු iimpendulo kule zokufudumeza isithuba ekhaya kubizwa nge neebhetri. Bona zibekwe kwi ezantsi igumbi ayikho nje njalo, kwaye libe shushu emoyeni leyo ukwenyuka, ekhokelela ukuhamba kwegazi nge gumbi.

njani na umlinganiselo ubushushu?

Ubushushu zokufudumeza okanye ukupholisa sibalwa ngokwezibalo usebenzisa isixhobo okhethekileyo - calorimeter. Ifakela igqunyiwe amelwe inqanawa enkulu ezaliswe ngamanzi. Ithemometa sokulinganisa iqondo lobushushu lokuqala medium uvikivwa kwi engamanzi. Emva koko lifakwe umzimba ngamanzi atshisiweyo ukubala utshintsho lobushushu fluid emva kokuba kumiswe kuvuselele.

Ngokwandisa okanye ukunciphisa eli t medium imiselwa, ubuninzi ubushushu ngenxa ngokushushubeza umzimba kwenziwe. Le calorimeter sisixhobo elula ukuba babhalise utshintsho lobushushu.

Kwakhona, usebenzisa calorimeter Ungabala lukhulu kangakanani yobushushu zakhutshwa ngexesha ukutshiswa izinto. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho isitya ezele ngamanzi, wabeka "esinye sazo." Oku "esinye sazo" isitya evaliweyo ibekwe apho kweziyobisi uvavanyo. Ukuze oku wachaza electrode ezikhethekileyo ucinezelo Igumbi uzaliswe mpilo. Emva arhente ngokupheleleyo yokutsha ebhalwe utshintsho lobushushu emanzini.

Ngexesha lezi yemifuniselo emiselwe ukuba imithombo ubushushu ezi reactions yemichiza yenyukliya. abasabela Nuclear kwenzeka kwiingcamba ezinzulu Umhlaba, uyila ubonelelo ubushushu engundoqo ehlabathini lonke. Kananjalo asetyenziswe ngabantu ukuvelisa amandla ngexesha nokumanyana.

Imizekelo ekudibaneni kwemichiza atshisa izinto nokucazululwa kuka Iipholima ukuya monomers kwinkqubo yokwetyisa yabantu. Umgangatho kunye nobungakanani imixokelelwane kwemichiza kwi molecule igqiba indlela ubushushu obuninzi aqhame ekugqibeleni.

Yintoni kulinganiswa bubushushu?

Iyunithi ye-yokulinganisa ubushushu kwinkqubo SI nguye esiyijowule (J). Kwakhona, iiyunithi ezingekho-SI zisetyenziswa kubomi bemihla ngemihla - osidingayo. 1 osidingayo ilingana 4,1868 J kunye nomgangatho wehlabathi ngokusekelwe 4.184 J. uluhlu. Ngaphambili wadibana British thermal iyunithi BTU, leyo uye wasebenzisa ayifane zizazinzulu. 1 BTU = 1,055 J.